042, RR = 1.65,

95% CI 1.02–2.66), and the average plaque accumulation (P < 0.0005, RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.30–1.77) (Table 2). Compared with the Chinese children, Malay children were more likely to have caries (P = 0.019, OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.06–1.86). Using the backward generalized linear regression for negative binomial distribution, it was found that the child's age in months (P = 0.049, mean ratio per 1 month PD-1 antibody inhibitor increase = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06), duration of breastfeeding for more than 10 months (P = 0.016, mean ratio = 1.85, 95% CI 1.12–3.05), Parents’ ability to withhold cariogenic snacks from their child even when their child fussed (P = 0.018, mean ratio = 1.92, 95% CI 1.12–3.29), and average plaque accumulation (P < 0.0005, mean ratio per 1 unit increase = 2.32, 95% CI 1.82–2.96) were significantly associated with d123t. Backward generalized linear model for negative binomial distribution found that the child's age (in months) (P = 0.012, mean ratio per 1 month increase = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06), type of housing (P = 0.004, mean ratio = 2.17, 95% CI 1.28–3.70), duration of breastfeeding for more than 10 months (P = 0.001, mean ratio = 2.32, 95% CI 1.44–3.75), Parents' ability to withhold cariogenic snacks from their Torin 1 nmr child even when their child fussed (P = 0.004, mean ratio = 2.14, 95% CI 1.27–3.59),

and average plaque accumulation (P < 0.0005, mean ratio per 1 unit increase = 2.32, 95% CI 1.86–2.92) were significantly associated with d123s. Despite Singapore being one of the wealthier countries in terms of GDP per capita with Inositol monophosphatase 1 virtually 100% urbanization and fluoridation of all water supplies, close to half of 18- to 48-month-old children in this study had dental caries. Utilizing the National Institute of Dental and Cranial Research case definition of ECC, majority of the children with dental caries had severe ECC[17]. As part of an international collaborative effort in 2002, Pine et al.[18] evaluated the prevalence of dental

caries in Singaporean children and found that dental caries was a serious problem in this country. The dmft (3.8) observed in Pine et al.’s (2004) study[18] was higher than that in our study (2.2), and this could be due to the older children sampled in her study, contributing ‘f’ component, and the high-risk participants recruited from the School Dental Center (SDC) and kindergartens. Despite differences between the studies, both clearly indicate the high levels of dental disease in young Singaporean children. This compares unfavourably with figures from Hong Kong: a jurisdiction with comparable GDP per capita to Singapore, where the percentage of children with cavitated lesions (17%, 2.8 years ± 0.6 months) is almost half that of Singaporean children (31%) of approximately similar ages[19]. These caries statistics suggest that current preventive methods in Singapore (e.g.