Hence, EMRE is essential for in vivo uniporter current and additionally bridges the calcium-sensing role of MICU1 and MICU2 with the calcium-conducting role of MCU.”
“Storage and transportation of hydrogen is a major obstacle for its use as a fuel. An increasingly considered alternative SBI-0206965 in vitro for the direct handling of hydrogen is to use carbon dioxide (CO2) as an intermediate storage material.

However, CO2 is thermodynamically stable, and developed chemical catalysts often require high temperatures, pressures, and/or additives for high catalytic rates. Here, we present the discovery of a bacterial hydrogen-dependent carbon dioxide reductase from Acetobacterium woodii directly catalyzing the hydrogenation of CO2. We also demonstrate a whole-cell system able

to produce formate as the sole end product from dihydrogen (H-2) and CO2 as well as syngas. This discovery opens biotechnological VE-821 concentration alternatives for efficient CO2 hydrogenation either by using the isolated enzyme or by employing whole-cell catalysis.”
“Oxamniquine resistance evolved in the human blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni) in Brazil in the 1970s. We crossed parental parasites differing similar to 500-fold in drug response, determined drug sensitivity and marker segregation in clonally derived second-generation progeny, and identified a single quantitative trait locus (logarithm of odds = 31) on chromosome 6. A sulfotransferase was identified as the causative gene by using RNA interference knockdown and biochemical complementation assays, and we subsequently demonstrated independent origins of loss-of-function mutations in field-derived and laboratory-selected resistant parasites. These results demonstrate the utility of linkage mapping in a human helminth parasite, while crystallographic analyses of protein-drug interactions illuminate the mode of drug action and provide a framework for rational design of oxamniquine derivatives that

kill both S. mansoni and S. haematobium, the two species responsible for >99% of schistosomiasis cases worldwide.”
“The central nervous system rapidly L-NAME HCl learns that particular stimuli predict imminent danger. This learning is thought to involve associations between neutral and harmful stimuli in cortical and limbic brain regions, though associative neuroplasticity in sensory structures is increasingly appreciated. We observed the synaptic output of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in individual mice before and after they learned that a particular odor indicated an impending foot shock. OSNs are the first cells in the olfactory system, physically contacting the odor molecules in the nose and projecting their axons to the brain’s olfactory bulb. OSN output evoked by the shock-predictive odor was selectively facilitated after fear conditioning. These results indicate that affective information about a stimulus can be encoded in its very earliest representation in the nervous system.

Flow rates and arterial pressure were measured simultaneously during simulation of corrective procedures and correlated to hemodynamic values of uncorrected ischemia.

Results: It was demonstrated that the more proximally localized an arteriovenous anastomosis is, the higher the distal arterial pressure will be at any given fistula flow. Reduction of the fistula flow resulted in a significant improvement of distal perfusion. Ligation of the artery distal to the arteriovenous fistula to prevent retrograde flow increased the distal perfusion only

slightly in simulated ischemia. lit contrast, the simulated corrective procedures of distal revascularization interval ligation and proximalization of arterial inflow resulted in a significant improvement. The most significant Sonidegib improvement www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-57-1293.html of distal perfusion was observed with the simulated proximalization technique, whereas the effect of distal revascularization technique was less pronounced at higher fistula flow. Arterial ligation after distal revascularization increased the distal pressure only by 10%.

Conclusion: A more centrally localized arteriovenous anastomosis and a reduction

of fistula flow significantly increase distal perfusion. The procedure of proximalization of arterial inflow is at least equivalent to the distal revascularization interval ligation technique for the correction of distal ischemia, but does not sacrifice a patent axial artery. The moderate effect of interval ligation of the latter technique should be evaluated by further intraoperative measurements. (J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1559-653.)”
“To test the feasibility that whole body exposure Secretory Pathway Ca2+ ATPase to structurally matched, physiologically patterned magnetic fields could reduce cellular injury within specific regions of the brain, young rats were seized with lithium and pilocarpine and then exposed to a sham field or to one of three computer-generated magnetic field patterns. They were digitized equivalents of the pulsed patterns of electric current known to produce long-term potential (LTP) in slices of hippocampus or entorhinal cortices. Histological analyses of their brains as adults indicated the

earlier exposure to the LTP-patterned fields produced a robust reduction of damage within the primary and association areas of the right temporal cortices and the CA1/CA2 hippocampal fields. The results suggest physiologically patterned magnetic fields could be employed to target specific nuclei anywhere within the brain by matching intrinsic activity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), also known as thymidine phosphorylase (TP) reportedly inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration and proliferation. We hypothesized that adventitial administration of the PD-ECGF/TP gene will suppress intimal hyperplasia and prevent vein graft failure.

Methods: The study used 68 female rabbits.

Within this group we identified AP26113 in vitro beneficiaries undergoing shock wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy for the management of urinary calculi. Multivariable regression models identified factors associated with the use of ureteroscopy.

Results: The cohort comprised 9,358 beneficiaries who underwent an initial procedure. Shock wave lithotripsy was used in 5,208 (56%) beneficiaries while ureteroscopy was used in 4,150 (44%). Female patients were less likely than males to undergo ureteroscopy (OR 0.844, p = 0.006). Providers who more recently completed residency training used ureteroscopy more often

(p = 0.023). Provider and facility volume were associated with initial procedure selection. LGK-974 concentration The odds of a second procedure following initial shock wave lithotripsy were 1.54 times those of ureteroscopy (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Nonclinical factors are associated with the use of ureteroscopy or shock wave lithotripsy for initial stone management, which may reflect provider and/or patient preferences or experience. Further

investigation is required to understand the impact of these outcomes on quality and cost of care.”
“The acute toxicity of organophosphates (OPs) has been studied extensively; however, much less attention has been given to the subject of repeated exposures that are not associated with overt signs of toxicity (i.e., subthreshold exposures). The objective of this study was to determine if the protracted spatial learning impairments we have observed previously after repeated subthreshold exposures to the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) or the alkylphosphate OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) persisted for longer periods after exposure. Male Wistar rats (beginning Elongation factor 2 kinase at two months of age) were initially injected subcutaneously with CPF (10.0 or 18.0 mg/kg) or DFP (0.25 or 0.75 mg/kg) every other day for 30 days. After an extended OP-free washout period (behavioral testing begun 50 days after

the last OP exposure), rats previously exposed to CPF, but not DFP, were impaired in a radial arm maze (RAM) win-shift task as well as a delayed non-match to position procedure. Later experiments (i.e., beginning 140 days after the last OP exposure) revealed impairments in the acquisition of a water maze hidden platform task associated with both OPs. However, only rats previously exposed to DFP were impaired in a second phase of testing when the platform location was changed (indicative of deficits of cognitive flexibility). These results indicate, therefore, that repeated, subthreshold exposures to CPF and DFP may lead to chronic deficits in spatial learning and memory (i.e., long after cholinesterase inhibition has abated) and that insecticide and alkylphosphate-based OPs may have differential effects depending on the cognitive domain evaluated. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The parameters governing the infection probability function and residual room contaminations were identified as key parameters. To control the Salmonella seroprevalence, efficient measures should therefore aim at these parameters. Moreover, the shedding rate and maternal protective factor also had a major impact. Therefore, further investigation on the protective effect of maternal or post-infection antibodies would be needed. (C)

2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission has been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Recently, presynaptic modulation of glutamate transmission has been shown to have therapeutic Smad inhibitor promise. We asked whether genetic knockdown of glutaminase (gene GLS1) to reduce glutamatergic transmission presynaptically by slowing the recycling of glutamine to glutamate, would produce a phenotype relevant to SCZ and its treatment. GLS1 heterozygous (GLS1 het) mice showed about a 50% global reduction in glutaminase activity,

and a modest reduction in glutamate levels in brain regions relevant to SCZ pathophysiology, but displayed neither general behavioral abnormalities nor SCZ-associated phenotypes. Functional imaging, measuring regional cerebral GSK621 blood volume, showed hippocampal hypometabolism mainly in the CA1 subregion and subiculum, the inverse of recent clinical imaging findings in prodromal and SCZ patients. GLS1 het mice were less sensitive to the behavioral stimulating effects of amphetamine, showed a reduction in amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and in ketamine-induced frontal cortical activation, suggesting that GLS1 het mice are resistant to the effects of these pro-psychotic challenges. Moreover, Cediranib (AZD2171) GLS1 het mice showed clozapine-like potentiation of latent inhibition, suggesting that reduction in glutaminase has antipsychotic-like properties. These observations provide further support for the pivotal role of altered glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the pathophysiology of SCZ, and

suggest that presynaptic modulation of the glutamine-glutamate pathway through glutaminase inhibition may provide a new direction for the pharmacotherapy of SCZ. Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 2305-2322; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.58; published online 10 June 2009″
“We define basic networks as the undirected subgraphs with minimal number of units in which the distances (geodesics, minimal path lengths) among a set of selected nodes, which we call seeds, in the original graph are conserved. The additional nodes required to draw the basic network are called connectors. We describe a heuristic strategy to find the basic networks of complex graphs. We also show how the characterization of these networks may help to obtain relevant biological information from highly complex protein-protein interaction data. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chronic cocaine treatment, which reduced striatal DA terminal density by 20%, resulted in a reduction in basal (-34%) and cocaine-evoked (-33%) striatal DA release and increased cocaine-seeking behaviour. These cocaine-mediated effects on striatal

DA terminal density, DA release and drug-seeking could be prevented by co-administration with haloperidol. Basal and cocaine-evoked DA release in the striatum directly Selleck E7080 correlated with DA terminal density and with preference for cocaine. We conclude that striatal DA terminal density and DA release is an important factor in maintaining drug preference and should be considered as a factor in drug-seeking behaviour and relapse. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is a widely used model for predicting cardiac events after noncarchac surgery. We compared the accuracy of the RCRI with a new, vascular surgery-specific model developed from patients within the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE).

Methods: We studied 10,081 patients who underwent nonemergent carotid endarterectomy (CEA; n = 5293), lower extremity bypass (LER; n = 2673), endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR; it = 1005), and open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (OAAA; n = 1,110) within

the VSGNE from 2003 learn more to 2008. First, we analyzed the ability of the RCRI to predict in-hospital major adverse cardiac events, including myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia, or congestive heart failure (CHF) in the VSGNE cohort. Second, we used a derivation cohort of 8208 to develop a new cardiac risk prediction model specifically for vascular surgery patients. Chi-square analysis identified univariate predictors, and multivariate logistic regression was used to develop

an aggregate and four procedure-specific risk prediction models for cardiac complications. Calibration and model discrimination were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The ability of the model to predict Ribonuclease cardiac complications was assessed within a validation cohort of 1873. Significant predictors were converted to an integer score to create a practical cardiac risk prediction formula.

Results. The overall incidence of major cardiac events in the VSGNE cohort was 6.3% (2.5% MI, 3.9% arrhythmia, 1.8% CHF). The RCRI predicted risk after CEA reasonably well but substantially underestimated risk after LEB, EVAR, and OAAA for low- and higher-risk patients. Across all VSGNE patients, the RCRI. underestimated cardiac complications by 1.7- to 7.4-fold based on actual event rates of 2.6%, 6.7%, 11.6%, and 18.4% for patients with 0, 1, 2, and risk factors. In multivariate analysis of the VSGNE cohort, independent predictors of adverse cardiac events were (odds ratio-[OR]) increasing age (1.

Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objective: Cardiopulmonary bypass has been shown to exert an inflammatory response within the lung, often resulting in postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. Several

studies have shown that adenosine A(2A) receptor activation attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion MK-0518 ic50 injury; however, the effect of adenosine A(2A) receptor activation on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced lung injury has not been studied. We hypothesized that specific adenosine A(2A) receptor activation by ATL313 would attenuate inflammatory lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) SHAM group (underwent cannulation_heparinization only); 2) CONTROL group (underwent 90 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with normal whole-blood priming solution; and 3) ATL group (underwent 90 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with ATL313 added to the normal priming solution).

Results: There was significantly less pulmonary edema and lung injury in the ATL group compared with the CONTROL group. Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor The ATL group had significant reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, and myeloperoxidase levels compared

with the CONTROL group. Similarly, lung tissue interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma were significantly decreased in the ATL group compared with the CONTROL group. There was no significant difference between the SHAM and ATL groups in the amount of pulmonary edema, lung injury, or levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion: The addition of a potent adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist to the normal priming solution before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass significantly protects the lung from the inflammatory effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and reduces the amount of lung injury. Adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists could represent a new therapeutic strategy for reducing

the potentially devastating consequences of the inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.”
“Personality influences several characteristics of normal and pathologic behaviors and Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase it is associated with neurotransmitter systems that are under genetic control. The dopaminergic system has been proposed to play a role in the modulation of personality traits. In the present study, variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) genes (for TH: rs3842727, rs6356; for DDC: rs1451371, rs1470750, rs998850) were investigated in 111 suicide attempters and 289 healthy subjects to assess the involvement of the dopaminergic synthesis pathway in personality traits. No strong evidence was found for the associations between personality and TH or DDC in overall tests.

Eleven transcripts, upregulated in the brains of prion-infected animals, which were classified in the literature as stimulated by the cytokine interferon-gamma

(IFN-gamma), were identified. This is intriguing, as IFN-gamma has recently been detected in the brains of prion-infected animals. Quantitation of several genes, categorized as IFN-gamma inducible, by quantitative BAY 11-7082 real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirms that these transcripts are upregulated. Future approaches for delineating the role of IFN-gamma-induced transcripts and their function in prion infection are described.”
“Despite extensive investigation, many features of prion protein misfolding remain enigmatic. Physicochemical variables known to influence misfolding are reviewed to help elucidate the mechanism of prionogenesis and identify salient features of PrPSc, the misfolded conformer of the prion protein. Prospective

work on refinement of candidate PrPSc models based on thermodynamic considerations will help to complete atomic-scale structural details missing from experimental studies and may SBI-0206965 datasheet explain the basis for the templating activity of PrPSc in disease.”
“Ingestion of prion-contaminated materials is postulated to be a primary route of prion disease transmission. Binding of prions to soil (micro)particles dramatically enhances peroral disease transmission relative to unbound prions, and it was hypothesized that micrometer-sized particles present in other consumed materials may affect prion disease transmission via the oral route of exposure. Small, insoluble particles are present in many substances, including soil, human foods, pharmaceuticals, and animal feeds. It is known that meat and bone meal (MBM), a feed additive believed responsible for the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), contains particles smaller than 20 mu m and that the pathogenic prion protein binds to MBM. The potentiation of disease transmission via the oral route by exposure to MBM or three micrometer-sized mineral feed additives was

determined. Data showed that when the disease agent was bound to any of the tested materials, the penetrance of disease was increased compared to unbound prions. Our data suggest that in feed or other prion-contaminated substances consumed by animals or, PIK3C2G potentially, humans, the addition of MBM or the presence of microparticles could heighten risks of prion disease acquisition.”
“This study provides an assessment of the perceived relative risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the context of other aspects of livestock production and human health issues. The factors influencing consumers’ concerns regarding these issues are identified. Consumers’ risk perceptions and risk attitudes about beef and poultry and the factors that influenced any reduction in beef consumption due to food safety issues or BSE are analyzed.

METHODS: Between 1999 and 2006, 22

patients with a giant intracranial aneurysm of the MCA were treated in our hospital with an ELANA flow replacement bypass and MCA occlusion. We collected data on patient characteristics, operative aspects, complications, and functional health scores using the modified Rankin Scale. Mean follow-up was 3.6 years (range, 0.2-7.7 yr).

RESULTS: We were able to construct a patent bypass in 20 (91%) of 22 patients. All 34 ELANA attempts resulted in a patent anastomosis with a strong backflow directly after ELANA catheter retraction. The patients did not need to undergo temporary occlusion in any of the ELANA constructions. Mean +/- standard deviation intracranial-to-intracranial bypass flow was 53 +/- 13 ml/min. MCA aneurysm treatment was attempted in all 20 patients who had a patent bypass and

was successful in 5-Fluoracil 19 of them. There was a fatal hemorrhagic complication in one patient (5%), a nonfatal hemorrhagic complication in three patients (14%), and a nonfatal ischemic complication in six patients (27%). At follow-up, 17 patients (77%) had a functionally favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score at follow-up was the same as or less than the preoperative modified Rankin Scale score). All of these patients were independent at follow-up (modified Rankin Scale score <= 2).

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates satisfactory results in the treatment of giant MCA aneurysms with an ELANA flow replacement MDV3100 solubility dmso bypass, considering the very grave natural history and treatment complexity of these lesions. The ELANA technique is a useful tool in the treatment armamentarium of the vascular neurosurgeon.”
“Papillomavirus genomes replicate as nuclear plasmids at Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase a low copy number in undifferentiated keratinocytes. Papillomaviruses encode the E1 and E2 proteins that bind to

the origin of replication and are required for the activation of replication. In addition to E2, several papillomaviruses express an E8(Lambda)E2C protein, which is generated by alternative splicing and functions as a transcriptional repressor and inhibitor of the E1/E2-dependent replication of the viral origin. Previous analyses suggested that the E8 domain functions as a transferable repression domain. In this report we present evidence that the E8 domain is responsible for the interaction with cellular corepressor molecules such as histone deacetylases, the histone methyltransferase SETDB1, and the TRIM28/KAP-1/TIF1 beta/KRIP-1 protein. Whereas the interaction with histone deacetylases is involved only in transcriptional repression, the interaction with TRIM28/KAP-1/TIF1 beta/KRIP-1 contributes to the inhibition of E1/E2-dependent replication. The corepressor TRIM28/KAP-1/TIF1 beta/KRIP-1 has been described to be part of multicomponent complexes involved in transcriptional regulation and functions as a scaffold protein.

Moreover, NES2 interacts with CRM1 in the mammalian two-hybrid system. Mutant viruses containing NES2 alterations generated by reversed genetics exhibit reduced viral growth and delay in the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The NES2 motif is highly conserved in the influenza A and B viruses. The results demonstrate that leucine-rich NES2 is involved in the nuclear export of vRNPs and contributes to the understanding of nucleocytoplasmic transport of influenza virus vRNPs.”
“Human complement factor H (FH),

an abundant 155-kDa plasma glycoprotein with 40 disulphide bonds, regulates the alternative-pathway complement cascade. Mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FH gene predispose to development of age-related macular degeneration, atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and dense deposit disease. Supplementation with FH variants protective Geneticin against disease is an enticing therapeutic prospect. Current sources of therapeutic FH are restricted to human blood plasma highlighting a need for recombinant material. Previously FH expression in cultured plant, mammalian or insect cells PKC412 yielded protein amounts inadequate for full characterisation, and orders of magnitude below therapeutic usefulness. Here, the V62,Y402 variant of FH has been produced recombinantly (rFH) in Pichia pastoris cells.

Codon-optimisation proved essential whilst exploitation of the yeast mating alpha-factor peptide

ensured secretion. We thereby produced multiple 10s-of-milligram of rFH. Following endoglycosidase H digestion of N-linked glycans, rFH (with eight residual N-acetylglucosamine moieties) was purified on heparin-affinity resin and anion-exchange chromatography. Full-length rFH was verified by mass spectrometry and Western blot using monoclonal antibodies Vinorelbine Tartrate to the C-terminus. Recombinant FH is a single non-aggregated species (by dynamic light scattering) and fully functional in biochemical and biological assays. An additional version of rFH was produced in which eight N-glycosylation sequons were ablated by Asn-Gln substitutions resulting in a glycan-devoid product. Successful production of rFH in this potentially very highly expressing system makes production of therapeutically useful quantities economically viable. Furthermore, ease of genetic manipulation in P. pastoris would allow production of engineered FH versions with enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to the development of adaptive and humoral immune responses that are among the largest for any pathogen, and intriguingly, the magnitude of the immune response increases with age, a phenomenon termed “”memory inflation.”" Elevated CMV-specific immunity has been correlated with an increased mortality rate in elderly individuals and with impaired vaccination responses.

Methods. partially covered polyester stent grafts coated with CG hydrogel impregnated with 10.0 mg/mL of beta-galactosidase IPI-549 purchase (LacZ)-expression plasmid vector (pCAGGS-UcZ) or empty vector (pCAGGS) solutions were implanted via the femoral artery in rabbit balloon-injured aortas. The aortic segments were removed at 1, 3, or 7 days (4 rabbits/each group) after implantation and evaluated for the transgene (LacZ) delivery and expression by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside) staining. Partially-covered polyester stent grafts coated with CG hydrogel impregnated with various amounts (0.1

mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, and 10.0 mg/mL) of pCAGGS-LacZ or pCAGGS were also implanted in rabbits’ balloon-injured aortas (4 rabbits/each group) to evaluate transgene delivery and expression in the aortic wall 3 days after implantation. The difference of transgene efficiency among each group, vas compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Newmann-Keuls’

test according to the result of quantitative RT-PCR.

Results: In all animals, LacZ gene transduction into the aortic wall was detected at the implantation site of pCAGGS-LacZ-loaded, but not PCAGGS-loaded, stent grafts. LacZ expression was not detected selleck chemical in aortic segments immediately proximal or distal to the implanted pCAGGS-LacZ-loaded stent graft or remote organs including the brain, heart, liver, and kidney by either RT-PCR or X-gal staining. The X-gal staining-positive cells were observed at or near the luminal surface in the aortic segments only in contact with the stent graft and the ingrowth tissues within stent grafts. immunohistochemical studies suggested that the LacZ-positive cells were mainly the neointimal alpha-smooth-muscle actin-positive cells and macrophages. The extent of the transgene expression was dependent on

the quantity of the plasmid DNA loaded onto the stent graft (10.0 mg/mL plasmid vs 1.0 mg/mL plasmid, P < .01 and 10.0 mg/mL plasmid vs 0.1 ID-8 mg/mL plasmid, P < .05). LacZ mRNA expression was maximal at day 1 and declined at day 7 (P < .05) but was still detectable.

Conclusion: Plasmid-loaded CG hydrogel-coated stent graft is a promising vehicle for local transgene delivery to the aortic wall and offers the possibility of transduction of therapeutic genes into the vascular wall. (J Vasc Surg 2009;50:1433-43.)”
“Objective: Wound healing in venous leg ulcer (VLU) is a multi-step process involving complex pathways. Scanty knowledge at molecular level hinders clinical assessment and treatment. Anomalous handling of local iron overload, as well as unbalancing in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transglutaminase, has a recognized role in VLU establishment.