Another traveler recalled that she became ill on her friend’s birthday.

Recollection of the symptoms associated with illness episodes appeared to be a more direct task for travelers. All 10 travelers used the calendars provided to recall dates of travel and dates of illness episodes. Four of the 10 travelers used the maps provided to recall the names of the smaller locations. Festival dates provided for each destination country were not used. The final post-travel questionnaires used in the main cohort study were distributed with calendars included. Questionnaires are widely used for data collection. Poorly designed E7080 in vitro questionnaires can affect the quality of data collection, yet there are varying practices in the development and validation of questionnaires. The importance of developing accurate exposure measurements and the impact on the validity of the research conclusions are not well recognized. Furthermore, published papers rarely provide their questionnaires

or reproduce the exact wording of key questions used to define exposures, events, or outcomes. Our objective was to develop and validate a questionnaire for use in a prospective study to estimate the risk of infections in Australian travelers to Asia. Several key features inherent to questionnaires for travelers were Epacadostat cost identified through the development and validation processes. Travelers demonstrated considerable difficulty when attempting to recall the dates surrounding health http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/obeticholic-acid.html events and travel between

major locations. Travel events were recalled in narrative terms and travelers appeared to mentally relive the sequence of events to retrieve the relevant dates from memory. Self-recalled cues or external prompts, such as calendars, provided were used by travelers to formulate a response. Information relating to locations visited or degree of mosquito repellent use was retrieved with less effort than that associated with event dating. Event dating difficulties have been described in a number of other qualitative studies,11 and cognitive research has determined that “when” is the least well-remembered retrieval cue for recalling information about an event from memory.5 Furthermore, there is increased uncertainty about dates with increased time, which is particularly problematic in studies of long-term travel. The diverse experiences of travelers need to be considered when developing items for questionnaires intended for travelers’ study cohorts. This became evident when the response options provided for accommodation types, travel activities, and reasons for travel did not reflect the variety encountered by travelers. In semi-structured interviews, travelers were informative to the expert panel about the breadth of travel experiences, thus contributing to the development of those areas in the questionnaire. There are several recognized methods by which target populations can contribute to the development of questionnaires.