The presence buy Decitabine of LAS improved Cu2+ removal by ~20%, and accelerated attainment of Cu2+ retention equilibrium. For the 2- mg · L−1 Cu2+ treatments, retention equilibrium occurred within 2 d and showed maximum Cu2+ removal of 1.83 mg · L−1. In the presence of LAS, the ratio of extracellular bound Cu2+ to intracellular Cu2+ taken up by the cells was lower (1.05–2.26) than corresponding ratios (2.46–7.85) in the absence of LAS. The percentages of extracellular bound Cu2+ to total Cu2+ removal (both bound and taken up by cells) in the presence of LAS ranged from 51.2% to 69.3%, which was lower than their corresponding percentages (71.1%–88.7%) in the absence of LAS. LAS promoted

biologically active MLN0128 price transport of the extracellular bound form of Cu2+ into the cell. In contrast, the addition of LAS did not increase the maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ (61.4% ± 5.6%) by heat-inactivated cells compared to that of living

cells (59.6% ± 6.0%). These results provide a theoretical foundation for designing bioremediation strategies using FACHB-834 for use in surface waters contaminated by both heavy metals and LAS. “
“Twenty-six strains morphologically identified as Cylindrospermum as well as the closely related taxon Cronbergia siamensis were examined microscopically as well as phylogenetically using sequence data for the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed three distinct clades. The clade we designate as Cylindrospermum sensu stricto contained all five of the foundational species, C. maius, C. stagnale, C. licheniforme, C. muscicola, and C. catenatum. In addition to these taxa, three MCE公司 species new to science in this clade were described: C. badium, C. moravicum, and C. pellucidum. Our evidence indicated that Cronbergia is a later synonym of Cylindrospermum. The phylogenetic

position of Cylindrospermum within the Nostocaceae was not clearly resolved in our analyses. Cylindrospermum is unusual among cyanobacterial genera in that the morphological diversity appears to be more evident than sequence divergence. Taxa were clearly separable using morphology, but had very high percent similarity among ribosomal sequences. Given the high diversity we noted in this study, we conclude that there is likely much more diversity remaining to be described in this genus. The genus Cylindrospermum Kütz. ex Bornet et Flahault (1886) is distinguished from other Nostocaceae by the presence of terminal heterocytes with paraheterocytic akinete development, and absence of aerotopes. It is often found associated with damp soils, but also occurs in periodically flooded soils (such as rice paddies) and some species have even been reported to be present in permanent aquatic habitats (Singh et al. 1980, Cronberg 2003). Akinetes in species of Cylindrospermum are large, thick-walled, and often bear spines or other ornamentation on the exospore.