081.144). Scanning costs were in part funded by the Amsterdam graduate school for the neurosciences (ONWA). P.N.T. was supported by a University Research Fellowship of the Royal Society (UF080591) and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grants PP00P1_128574 and

CRSII3_141965). Study 1 was completed at the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, which is supported by a joint award from the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (G00001354). We thank Anna Barnes for assistance with image preprocessing, Todd Hare for comments on the manuscript and assistance with the PPI analysis, Zeb Kurth-Nelson for comments on the manuscript, Bortezomib in vivo and our three anonymous reviewers for helpful feedback and suggestions. “
“(Neuron 78, 440–455; May 8, 2013) The original version of Figure 6 contained incorrect sequences for the two CGG KI mouse lines

used in this study. This typographical error does not affect our interpretation of the data. We apologize for any inconvenience that this error has caused. The corrected figure is below and has also been corrected in the online version of the paper. Figure 6.  Sequence Differences 5′ of the Repeat Explain Divergent Inclusion Formation in Two Mouse Knockin Models of FXTAS “
“The existence Paclitaxel price and role of a centrifugal pathway from higher visual centers back to the retina have been controversial issues since the end of the 19th century. Dogiel and Cajal first described centrifugal nerve axons projecting into the bird retina in the Astemizole 1880s using Golgi impregnation, and since then centrifugal axons have been identified in a number of other nonmammalian species including fish and amphibians. The existence of centrifugal axons in the mammalian retina, however, has long been disputed (Repérant et al., 2006); the view expressed by many is that central effects on

visual responses are mediated at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and not by axons extending into the retina. Recent evidence has definitively shown the existence of centrifugal axons entering the mammalian retina, but the number of such axons is exceptionally small, probably explaining why their existence was difficult to demonstrate. In primates, including man, the number given is no more than 25–30 such axons. These axons and their terminals do, however, spread widely across the retina, contain both histamine and serotonin, and are part of the arousal system that projects axons to many brain areas (Gastinger et al., 2005). The role of these centrifugal axons is not well understood; they are active when an animal is awake, but they also appear to play a role regulating blood vessels and blood flow in the retina. In other retinas such as birds and fish, the number of centrifugal axons is substantial—10,000 or more such axons in the chicken, for example.