, 2008 and Li et al., 2006) and peripheral chemoreceptors (da Silva et al., 2011). Our results are very much in line with this notion since it was observed that PPADS affected the ventilatory response to CO2 when microinjected within the rostral MR, but caused no change in ventilation when applied to the caudal MR. The rostral MR has been extensively studied because it has been implicated in CCR (Bernard et al., 1996 and Nattie and Li, 2001). Previous learn more studies have shown that the neuronal pathway activated during hypercapnia includes the RMg (Teppema

et al., 1997). In the present study, we have demonstrated that the antagonism of P2X receptors in the rostral MR caused a decreased ventilatory response to hypercapnia (Fig. 3). These results are consistent with the notion that ATP in the rostral MR has a role in chemoreception, but the ABT-199 supplier phenotype of neurons involved in the ATP modulation of CCR is unknown. The neurons within the RMg are heterogeneous; however, the principal cell type is serotonergic, which has been proposed to be a central chemoreceptor (Ray et al., 2011 and Richerson, 2004). Given the primary role of the rostral MR 5-HT neurons in CCR and that there is evidence showing a significant degree of co-localization of purinergic receptors (including the subtypes: P2X, P2Y and P1) with tryptophan hydroxylase

(TPH) immunoreactivity (a marker of 5-HT neurons) in the MR (Close et al., 2009), it is plausible that the attenuation of CO2 ventilatory response may be via 5-HT neurons. However, the present study does not unveil this issue and it remains unknown whether ATP modulation of CCR in the rostral MR is effected through 5-HT neurons. Considering the P2X subtype, Close et al. (2009) have demonstrated that

the percentage of purinergic receptor immunoreactive neurons that are TPH-positive is about 15%, whereas the percentage of TPH-positive neurons that are immunoreactive for purinergic receptors is about 64%. This suggests that there are other than 5-HT neurons which express P2X receptors and also that not all 5-HT neurons express this receptor. This raises the possibility that the CO2-attenuated responses may involve other neuron phenotypes. Moreover, P2X DNA Damage inhibitor receptors are also expressed in glia cells in other central nervous system regions ( Dixon et al., 2004), which suggest that these cells may potentially contribute to ATP effects on the ventilatory response to the hypercapnia. It has been suggested that P2X receptors are involved in the mechanisms underlying CCR. Purinergic transmission by neuronal P2X2 receptors is enhanced by acidotic conditions (King et al., 1996). Moreover, the chemosensitivity of respiratory neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex is blocked by P2 receptor antagonists (Thomas et al., 1999). Presently, seven P2X types have been identified in mammals (North, 2002).