4 – 1.8 kg. During the third visit, two subjects, (JG and ZP), exercised indoors at 28°C alternating 10 min on a treadmill and Airdyne Cycle Ergometer.

The remaining subjects easily ran 7.5 km outdoors in sunny conditions at about 32°C. Statistical Analysis Standard statistical methods were employed for the calculation of means and standard deviations (SD). Descriptive data are presented as means ± standard deviation. Primary outcome measures (VO2max and treadmill time) were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA of the difference between dehydration and rehydration values as the dependent variable. In addition, differences between the three drink replacements were compared using least square means from these models and adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni

correction to avoid type I error. The possible influence of dehydration level AT9283 purchase was tested with analysis of covariance. Significance in this study was set at P < 0.05. Results The mean water loss during the initial dehydration selleck products phase ranged from 1.54 – 1.81 kg, corresponding to 1.8 – 2.1% loss in body weight (Table 3). This level of dehydration resulted in minimal effects on maximal HR and V for all individuals. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in HR or V following rehydration with Crystal Light (control), Gatorade or Rehydrate (AdvoCare International) relative to either baseline values or values derived following

dehydration (Table 3). Table 3 Peak values during the treadmill performance test Org 27569 for heart rate* and ventilation at baseline, after dehydration and following rehydration     Heart Rate (beats.min-1) Ventilation (L.min-1-btps) Rehydrate Wt loss (kg) Baseline Dehydration Rehydration Baseline Dehydration Rehydration Mean ± SD 1.69 ± 0.54 186.0 ± 15.7 183.5 ± 12.0 185.5 ± 12.5 137.5 ± 18.7 134.1 ± 15.4 139.3 ± 18.0 Gatorade               Mean ± SD 1.54 ± 0.63 186.0 ± 15.7 187.0 ± 14.5 183.0 ± 14.8 137.5 ± 18.7 136.4 ± 18.8 136.3 ± 21.4 Crystal Light               Mean ± SD 1.81 ± 0.59 186.0 ± 15.7 183.5 ± 14.8 180.1 ± 14.3 137.3 ± 18.6 134.0 ± 17.9 134.2 ± 17.4 * Maximal HR not available at baseline. Values for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) are provided in Table 4 as both mL.kg-1.min-1 and mL.min-1. Relative to the baseline values, dehydration produced small but non-significant decreases in these values. Rehydration with Crystal Light (control) failed to restore VO2max to baseline values. Rehydration with Gatorade returned VO2max to slightly below baseline values, while rehydration with Rehydrate resulted in a VO2max (mL.min-1) that was 2.9% above the rehydrated state, and above baseline (Table 4).