6,7,49,52-54,61 Moreover, the walking speed in a SCI individuals with an orthoses is significantly less

than that of healthy individuals and also in contrast to mobility with a wheelchair (tables 11, ​,12,12, ​,13).13). Although, the type of orthosis and style of walking influence the magnitude of energy consumption, there is a huge difference between the energy consumptions between walking with and without orthosis.62 As is shown in tables 11, ​,12,12, ​,1313 there is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a big difference between the performances of the subjects in walking with various types of orthoses. Some parameters such as the type of orthosis, the position of lesion in vertebral column, age of subjects, and the style of walking

influence the performance of the subjects.6,7,49,52 Table 11 The findings of various studies regarding some results of energy consumption tests Table 12 The findings of various studies regarding the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical energy consumption of paraplegic subjects during walking with various orthoses The high magnitude of the force applied on upper limb musculature is another issue that affects the use of orthosis. Depend on the style of walking, between 30% and 55% of body weight is applied on the crutch during Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical walking (table 7).15,40,63,64 The high magnitude of the force, which is transmitted to upper limb joints, increases the incidence of some diseases and the pain of shoulder. Table 7 The findings of various studies regarding the force applied on the foot and crutch during walking with various orthoses Donning and doffing of orthoses is another important problem associated with the use of an orthosis. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Herman and Biering found that

only three out of 45 patients continued using their orthosis after 10 years. The reason that they mentioned for withdrawing from the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical use of orthoses was the considerable time that they needed to spend on putting on and taking off the orthosis.14 Although the results of the afore-mentioned investigations can not support the effects of walking and standing with orthosis on physiological health of the SCI individuals, it is difficult to ignore the positive influences of orthosis. It is recommended to undertake click here further studies with a sufficient number of participants, and follow the subjects for a long time. Moreover, the performance of the subjects in using the orthoses as well as crotamiton the impact of the orthoses on the health status of the subjects must be measured according to the standard methods discussed in this article. Conclusion A number of publication have emphasized that walking with orthosis is associated some benefits for individuals with SCI, such as improving BMD, improving the functions of cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory systems, decreasing muscles spasm, and joint contractions.