7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, −9.2 to 10.7; P = 0.89). Among patients with HCV genotype 1 infection, the rate of sustained viral response was 45.8% (38 of 83 patients) at the UNM HCV clinic and 49.7% (73 of 147 patients) at ECHO sites (P = 0.57). Serious adverse events occurred in 13.7% of the patients

at the UNM HCV clinic and in 6.9% of the patients at ECHO sites. The results Alisertib chemical structure of this study show that the ECHO model is an effective way to treat HCV infection in underserved communities. Implementation of this model would allow other states and nations to treat a greater number of patients infected with HCV than they are currently able to treat. Despite improvements in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment over the past decade, uptake remains low in many settings. Treatment uptake is high among some hospital-based liver clinics (16%-42%)1-3; however, there is considerable variation across centers.4 In a study of 29,695 HCV-infected patients who accessed care within 2 years of HCV diagnosis at 128 facilities in the JAK activation Veterans Administration (VA) health care system,4 the overall rate of HCV treatment uptake by facility ranged from 1.5%-45% (median, 14.9%).4 In the community, the proportion having received treatment is even lower. Among 21 countries in the World Health Organization European region, only 1%-16% of

the population estimated to be infected with HCV had received treatment.5 In Australia, ≈8% have received pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin therapy since 2003,6 despite treatment being fully subsidized. In the United States, treatment rates are declining and if this trend continues, only 14.5% of estimated liver-related deaths caused by HCV between 2002-2030 will be prevented by therapy.7 Barriers to expanding HCV treatment in the community are multifactorial and selleck include issues of access to therapy and barriers at the level of the patient, practitioner, and system.8 HCV-infected patients often have complex social, medical, and psychiatric comorbidities,

complicating decisions around care. Factors associated with not receiving HCV treatment include older age,4 minority ethnicity,4 ongoing or former drug use,1-3, 8 ongoing alcohol use,2, 4 advanced liver disease,1 comorbid medical disease,3, 4 psychiatric disease,1, 4 and treatment for drug dependency.2, 8 The high prevalence of substance use, other medical diseases, and psychological comorbidity among patients with HCV makes increasing access to care particularly challenging. Practitioners play an important role in facilitating HCV assessment and treatment. In one study in the VA system, the strongest independent predictor of HCV treatment was attending one visit with an HCV specialist.4 In a community-based study in Australia, HCV-infected patients who had seen a general practitioner about HCV in the last 6 months were four times more likely to be assessed for therapy by a specialist.8 Practitioner experience is also important.