A
standard sound was presented 60% of the time, whereas the remaining sounds deviated from the standard on one of four dimensions: duration, intensity, pitch, or location. The timing between stimuli was either periodic or aperiodic. Based on the sensory prediction hypothesis, the MMN for the patients should be abnormal across all four dimensions. in contrast, the timing hypothesis would predict a selective impairment of the duration MMN. Moreover, the timing hypothesis would also predict that the enhancement of the MMN observed in controls when the stimuli are presented periodically should be attenuated in the patients. Compared to controls, the patients exhibited a delayed latency in the MMN to duration deviants and a
similar trend for the intensity deviants, while pitch and check details location MMNs did not differ between groups. Periodicity had limited and somewhat inconsistent effects. The present results are at odds with a general role for the cerebellum Ganetespib price in sensory prediction and provide partial support for the timing hypothesis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: This study examined the effect on neointimal hyperplasia of adenovirus-mediated delivery of cellular repressor of EIA-stimulated genes (CREG) to the artery after balloon injury.
Methods. Sixty rabbits were randomized into three groups and underwent balloon injury in the left common carotid arteries. The injured arterial segment was isolated by two inflated balloon catheters. Saline or recombinant adenovirus expressing CREG or green fluorescent protein was injected into
the lumen of the isolated arterial segments and incubated for 30 minutes. Bortezomib order The rabbits were euthanized for immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and morphometric analysis at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after balloon injury and in vivo gene transfer (5 rabbits for each time point). Common carotid artery angiography was performed before euthanasia.
Results. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis demonstrated that CREG expression was significantly down-regulated in the acute phase of vascular injury and was gradually restored in the resolution phase. The changes of CREG expression were in parallel with those of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation markers SM alpha-actin and SM myosin heavy chain in the injured arteries. Adenovirus-mediated CREG transfer markedly increased CREG expression in the injured artery. Consequently, morphometric analysis revealed an approximate 50% reduction in the neointima and the intima/media ratio in CREG-transferred arteries compared with the saline and green fluorescent protein controls. Assay with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine showed that CREG transfer significantly inhibited SMC proliferation. In contrast, endothelialization of the injured artery was not affected by CREG transduction as assessed by CD31 immunostaining.