Antibody–antigen complex was separated by precipitation with 20% Protein A Sepharose (Invitrogen) and washed eight times (ELx50 Microplate Strip Washer, Biotek,

Winooski, VT, USA). Antibody-bound radioactivity Hormones antagonist was analysed in a Beta-counter. The Sepharose-bound radioactivity was converted into arbitrary units (U) using individual standard curves of T1D sera with high ZnT8Ab reactivity. The experiments were conducted in duplicate wells and in two independent experiments. In an identical assay as described above, sera and different concentrations (pmol/l) of the long cold in vitro translation ZnT8R and ZnT8W (aa 268–369) proteins were incubated with radiolabelled ZnT8R or ZnT8W (aa 268–369) proteins in the competitive RBA. The experiments were conducted in duplicate wells and in three independent experiments. Displacement experiments were carried out in three different independent experiments using duplicate determinations. The mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated for these three independent experiments. Affinity was calculated as half-maximal (Kd) and maximal (Vmax) binding and expressed as pmol/l. Affinity differences between the R and W proteins were tested with two-tailed

paired t-test. P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The purity of the short ZnT8 peptides after high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analysis by MS was 70% (data not shown). NVP-LDE225 cell line Each one of the three peptides, ZnT8R (533.60 m/z), ZnT8W (543.60 m/z) and ZnT8Q (524.26 m/z) had a mass that corresponded to the expected monoisotopic mass. The degree of purity was reflected by 6–10 minor components, each representing a not immediately obvious contamination (data not shown). All 12 BALB/c mice immunized with the three short ZnT8 (318–331) peptides developed varying levels of peptide antibodies as detected by ELISA (data not shown). Two mice from each group with the highest titer after immunization with one of the three ZnT8 (318–331) peptide variants (R,

W and Q, respectively) C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) were tested for sequence specificity. All mice failed to develop antibodies able to distinguish the three peptide variants (Fig. 2, panels A-F). The M6-Q mouse showed 1,000-fold higher binding to the ZnT8Q than to the ZnT8R (318–331) peptide, while there was no difference in binding to the ZnT8W peptide (Fig. 2, panel F). These mouse sera were next tested in the ZnT8 Triplemix RBA (Fig. 3). Triplemix ZnT8Ab were observed in 6 of 12 immunized mice. The highest titer was achieved in a W peptide immunized mouse, while the lowest titer was in a mouse immunized with the Q variant. The remaining six mice showed binding that did not differ from blank or a non-immunized mouse. Immunized BALB/c mice showed normal urinary pH, glucose and protein during the immunization period (data not shown).