Appl Environ Microbiol 2007,73(16):5261–5267.PubMedCrossRef 41. Hill MO: Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 1973, 54:427–432.CrossRef 42. Letunic I, Bork P: Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Bioinformatics 2007,23(1):127–128.PubMedCrossRef Milciclib solubility dmso Authors’ contributions JT and AM conceived the study. JT and JJA designed the methods. JJA performed all statistics. MP created
the database. JT, JJA and AC analyzed the results and extracted the conclusions. All authors drafted, read and approved the manuscript.”
“Background In horses, lesions of the non-glandular part of the stomach are highly prevalent and seem to be caused by excessive acid exposure [1], but little has been described regarding lesions in the glandular part. Lesions located in the glandular region were demonstrated in 58% of 162 hospitalized find more horses [2] and in 47% of 345 racehorses [3] and while the cause of these have not received much attention, acid exposure does not seem to be the primary factor, as no correlation between lesions of the two regions Smad inhibitor of the stomach has been found [3]. Gastric bacteria as the cause for glandular stomach lesions have been suggested
for many animal species and in humans these constitute a major verified risk factor. Of the gastric organisms found, Helicobacter pylori has been described the most due to its pathogenic potential of inducing chronic gastritis, ulcers, for adenocarcinomas and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in humans [4–6]. Bacteria of this genus have also been found in gastric tissue samples from animals including dogs, pigs, sheep and cattle [7–10]. In the horse, contradictory evidence exits as to whether bacteria that specifically can cause gastric lesions occur. A few studies have indicated that gastric Helicobacter spp. are present in normal appearing mucosa by using PCR and immunochemistry [11, 12], while others have found no evidence of a connection between the presence of
lesions and bacteria [13]. As gastric bacterial species have been confirmed or suggested as part of the pathogenesis of certain types of gastric pathology in humans and other animal species, the aim of this study was to assess if bacteria could be involved in the pathology observed in the equine glandular stomach. A main focus was to provide more evidence regarding the presence and localisation of bacteria in general at the mucosa level of the equine glandular stomach. Special emphasis was put on obtaining information regarding the presence and involvement of any Helicobacter species in the mucosal lesions. The Fluorescence In situ hybridisation (FISH) technique was used for this purpose which allows the use of rRNA-targeted probes for both the total bacterial population and defined genus/species.