Encoding trials were composed of a central Dabrafenib nmr red fixation (500 ms) followed by the presentation of a word-image pair for 4,500 ms, followed by a central black fixation for 500 ms. For the remaining 8.5 s in each trial, participants completed an active baseline task (see Stark and Squire, 2001). In this task, participants made odd/even judgments on a series of centrally presented single digit numbers ranging from 1 to 9 that were randomly generated on a subject-specific basis. Each

number was presented for a maximum of 2 s or until the subject made a response. Once a response was registered, or 2 s elapsed, a black fixation cross was presented for 250 ms prior to the appearance of the next digit. The final 1–3 s of each trial were composed of a black fixation cross, depending on the timing of the subject’s prior responses. At encoding, regardless of trial type, participants were instructed to attempt to form an association between the word and image presented on the screen and to rate how well they could accomplish this task using a three-way button press. The right index finger was used to IAP inhibitor indicate “poor,” the middle finger to indicate “moderate,” and the ring finger to indicate “well.” This task was completed on all trials in each encoding block as well as on all trials

in the restudy phase. For the odd/even task, participants were instructed to use the right index finger to indicate “odd” and the middle finger to indicate “even.” The keyboard was used to record responses in all tasks performed outside the MRI. In the either MRI, an MRI-compatible button box was used to record responses. Finger-response mappings were held constant regardless of whether the task was performed inside or outside

of the MRI. In the image blocks of the localizer task, individual images were presented for 500 ms with an interstimulus interval of 300 ms. In each image miniblock, 20 trials of a given category were presented in a row. The fixation only miniblocks each lasted 16 s each. Participants were instructed to keep their eyes open and respond with a key under the index finger anytime an image repeated immediately following its initial presentation. At test, all stimuli were presented centrally. Test trials were composed of a 500 ms red fixation cross followed by a word for 12 s or until a response was registered. A final 200 ms black fixation cross followed the word presentation. Participants were instructed to evaluate their memory for the cue word and respond using a four-way response. The response options were old with scene, old with object, old unsure of pairing, and new. Participants were instructed to only use the old pair-specific responses when they were able to recollect the associated image.