Factors that might moderate the impact of the reduced nicotine product include both individual http://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-DMAG,Hydrochloride-Salt.html differences in response to the product and environmental influences (e.g., tobacco control policies). In order to assess the impact of RNC cigarettes, a schema described for tobacco product evaluation can be used (Hatsukami, Biener, Leischow, & Zeller, 2012; Institute of Medicine, 2012). Preclinical tests in animals can be conducted to assess the abuse liability of different levels of nicotine in cigarettes, particularly in the area of acquisition of nicotine self-administration in both adolescent and adult animals. In addition, neurophysiological changes that affect function resulting from exposure to different nicotine doses can be explored.

Human imaging, laboratory, and clinical trial studies can examine the abuse liability and effects of varying levels of nicotine content in cigarettes and their impact on tobacco use behaviors, toxicant exposure, and potential health risk in general population of smokers and in vulnerable populations. Moderating factors to consider in use of the product include how the consumer perceives the product and its appeal, such as the way it is packaged, priced, and promoted. Finally, once the product is out in the market, then implementation of a comprehensive surveillance system and risk management program is essential. Using this framework and schema, key issues that were covered in this meeting included (a) simulation or forecasting models for estimating the population-level effects of RNC cigarettes; (b) specific high priority areas of research (from preclinical to clinical) and different methodological approaches, considerations, and tools (e.

g., biomarkers) for evaluating RNC cigarettes; (c) the role of other tobacco- or nicotine-containing products in a world of RNC cigarette products; (d) research in children, adolescents, and vulnerable populations; (e) consumer perception and product appeal; (f) influence of other constituents of tobacco and product design features; and (g) Brefeldin_A potential unintended marketplace consequences. Although the primary focus was on cigarettes, determining how these issues are relevant to all combustible products was recognized. The Importance of Modeling Use of simulation or forecasting models to predict the impact of a policy on public health can be an extremely valuable exercise because often population benefits and risks can only be estimated (see Tengs et al., 2005). Core inputs should be considered when prioritizing questions and measures driving research on nicotine reduction.