In agricultural grassland, this initial diversity determined by the available niches is manipulated by management. A new situation develops where species richness is in dynamic equilibrium with the management, if this is constant. In contrast to this, the experimental grassland plots used for biodiversity–productivity research have Tipifarnib mouse usually been weeded intensively, inhibiting the establishment of such a dynamic equilibrium. If weeding was terminated, similar species richness developed within 2 years in all LXH254 in vivo plots of initially different richness (Pfisterer et al. 2004). Taking a closer look at the results from experimental grassland studies, it becomes

obvious that observed diversity effects were most pronounced with species numbers increasing from one to two or four. Many studies found that 90% of the productivity effect was reached with five plant species (Roy 2001). In permanent grassland, the plant diversity is usually larger. For example, Sanderson et al. (2004)

summarized that American grazing lands comprised between nine and 50 species per 1000 m2 Alisertib cost and European grasslands between 10 and 60 species per 100 m2, depending on management intensity. Thus, species richness may usually be too large in permanent grassland to find effects of diversity on productivity. Several studies have pointed out the larger impact of species identity (Hooper and Vitousek 1997) or functional diversity (Díaz and Cabido 2001) than species number on primary production. Here, functional diversity is not necessarily only the presence or absence of legumes, but can encompass the range of traits like leaf sizes, canopy heights, or rooting depths (Díaz and Cabido 2001). These findings should have implications for the assembly of seed mixtures for grassland renovation, where the species number is furthermore usually in the range where species richness-productivity effects have been found.

In practice, this principle has already been used and the long-term experience of seed companies and farmers has been found to deliver a superior product to experimental mixtures in Switzerland (Suter et al. 2010). To sum up, a clear effect of species number on primary or secondary production of grassland under agricultural conditions could not yet be demonstrated. Orotic acid This may be due to primary effects not translating into animal production, vegetation composition developing a dynamic equilibrium with management conditions or higher species richness in permanent pastures than found effective in experimental grassland. If fertilisation was also manipulated in permanent grassland experiments, its effect on biomass production outreached that of diversity [Crawley et al. (2005); Silvertown et al. 2006; but see also Weigelt et al. (2009) for results in weeded experimental grassland]. Thus, a potential production benefit may not convince farmers to protect diversity in their grasslands.