In contrast, the constant of the ln (J/E 3) versus E −1 plot indicates that the contribution of the electron selleck kinase inhibitor tunneling from the valence band in p-GaN directly to the conduction band in n-ZnO is much weaker. This finding may be a result of the narrower energy barrier width for electron tunneling from the valence band in p-GaN than that from the deep-level states

near the n-ZnO/p-GaN interface. We summarize the band diagram of the n-ZnO MR/p-GaN heterojunction under the reverse breakdown bias to illustrate the carrier transports and recombination mechanisms in Figure 4b. Figure 4 The linear dependence and the carrier transports and recombination mechanisms. (a) Plots of ln(J · F) versus E −1and ln(J/E 3) versus E −1of the n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction LED at reverse MEK activation breakdown bias. (b) The band diagram of the p-GaN/n-ZnO

heterojunction under the reverse breakdown bias. To assess p38 inhibitors clinical trials the suitability of the studied diode to practical LED applications, a preliminary stability study of EL performance was conducted. Figure 5 displays the EL intensities of the device working under reverse bias of 40 V. The EL intensities did not decrease significantly even after over 80 h of operation. To date, there is no literature demonstrating the stability of an individual horizontal ZnO MR/p-GaN heterojunction. The stability of the diode was comparable to other devices based on the vertical n-ZnO NWs/p-GaN structure [17, 31]. This measurement proves that this EL device

displays good stability and reproducibility. Figure 5 EL emission intensities as a function of time. Conclusions In ZD1839 ic50 summary, we have obtained UV and blue dual-color LED based on single ZnO MR and p-GaN heterojunction under forward and reverse biases, respectively. The origin of the EL emission was confirmed by comparing the EL and PL spectra. For the excitonic ZnO emission, the rate of radiative recombination is faster than that of the nonradiative recombination under reverse bias. The tunneling electrons assisted by the deep-level states near the n-ZnO/p-GaN interface to the conduction band in n-ZnO result in the efficient ZnO excitonic luminescence under reverse bias. This stable UV/violet EL device should have potential applications in many areas, including multicolor lighting, displays, and lighting decoration. Acknowledgments This research is financially supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under grants NSC-102-2112-M-006-012-MY3 and the Aim for the Top University Project of the Ministry of Education. References 1. Ozgür U, Alivov YI, Liu C, Teke A, Reshchikov MA, Doğan S, Avrutin V, Cho S-J, Morkoç H: A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. J Appl Phys 2005, 98:041301. 10.1063/1.1992666CrossRef 2. Xu S, Wang Z: One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: solution growth and functional properties. Nano Res 2011, 4:1013–1098. 10.1007/s12274-011-0160-7CrossRef 3.