Methods: Patients treated with intensified preoperative radiochemotherapy patients treated only by TME surgery were asked five years after treatment to complete the Wexner and SF-12 quality of life questionnaire. Results: 25 after neoadjuvant treatment had a median Wexner score of 14 [3-20] after 63 [42-78] months. Histopathological stage or grade of regression did not influence GSK126 supplier the Wexner score

(p = 0.76, resp. p = 0.9). 12% describe themselves as being permanently continent; 40% are stool incontinent “always” or “most of the time”. 68% are always wearing pads. 29 patients after TME only showed a median Wexner score of 5 [range 0-17] after 66 months [26-133]. SF-12 showed significantly lower PKC412 manufacturer values in physical (p = 0.02) as well as mental summary scales (p = 0.015) in patients after RCTX while patients after radical surgery showed no difference to the norm population. Conclusion: This study shows that continence

is significantly worse five years after neoadjuvant treatment. Moreover, patients after neoadjuvant treatment and surgery have impaired quality of life compared to norm population. These results may contribute to the discussion of only applying neoadjuvant chemoradiation selectively in patients with advanced rectal cancer. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A statistical generalizability analysis gauges the degree to which a single assessment of a Selleck Tariquidar parameter successfully estimates that measure over

repeated assessments for that individual. The generalizability of enumerative and functional immune parameters was estimated for two species of macaque monkeys assessed every 3 months between 18 and 42 months of age. Subjects were cross-balanced by species (bonnet, Macaca radiata, n = 22; pigtail, Macaca nemestrina, n = 21), sex (male, n = 21; female, n = 22), and brief early maternal separation with reunion (control, n = 21; separated, n = 22). Cell subset analysis showed the best generalizability (35-69%). Natural cytotoxicity also performed well (44-70%), but when computed on a lysis per cell basis, removing the effect of cell phenotype, it was less stable (15-48%). For most immune parameters, at least 5 assessments would be necessary to establish conventionally reliable (0.80) characterizations of long-term, stable individual differences in immunity, and three for minimally reliable (0.60) characterizations. More reactive parameters, as well as more behaviorally reactive species, yielded more generalizable results. Cell subsets that are typically most sensitive to acute stress (CD8, CD16) were more stable than other subsets (CD4, CD20). Behaviorally reactive species (pigtail) yielded more stable natural cytotoxicity results than the less reactive species (bonnet).