Percent body fat (%Fat), fat free mass (FFM; grams), and fat mass (FM; grams) were collected from the DEXA DNA Damage inhibitor report. Height was obtained from the SECA 242 measuring instrument (242, SECA, Hanover, MD) and recorded in both centimeters and inches. The TANITA Body Composition Analyzer (Model TBF-310, TANITA, Arlington Heights, IL) was utilized to measure weight in both kilograms and pounds. Resting energy expenditure REE was measured using a TrueOne®

2400 metabolic measurement system (ParvoMedics, Sandy, UT). The metabolic cart was calibrated daily by trained laboratory assistants according to manufacturer guidelines. During testing, participants rested in a supine position with a blanket in a quiet, semi-dark room. A clear hood was placed over the participant’s head and upper torso area. REE and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) data were collected from the last 20 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rgfp966.html minutes of the 25 minute test. For each breath, mean oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) were measured and then averaged over 15 second intervals. Flow rate was monitored

by lab assistants during the course of the learn more test and maintained at a rate of 1–1.2 L/min of expired carbon dioxide. The test-retest correlations (r) of this metabolic cart range from 0.814-0.956 [19]. Mood state questionnaire A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to measure perceived alertness, focus, energy, fatigue, concentration, and hunger. The participant placed a check mark in the specific box that correlated with their perceived mood level for all six categories.

The numbers ranged from one (not feeling that particular mood) to five (highest level of mood). Hemodynamic assessments Electrocardiogram (ECG) leads were placed in standard clinical fashion to reveal 12 leads (I-III, V1-V6, aVR, aVL, aVF) throughout the testing session. Cardiac rhythm was monitored through Rho a Quinton Eclipse Premier Electrocardiograph (Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA). Every five minutes, data were printed from the 12-lead ECG machine and RR interval, RP interval, QRS duration, and QT interval were recorded. If any abnormal readings/tracing were discovered, a note was added to the patient’s file. Heart rate, recorded as beats per minute and SBP and DBP, recorded as mmHg, were measured at baseline and hourly for four hours after consuming either treatment. Diet log Participants were instructed to maintain a diet log for four days prior to the first testing session, testing day one, as well as days between testing sessions. Lab personnel instructed participants to report foods eaten at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, as well as snacks. They were also instructed to record the method of preparation for each food and the quantity eaten (servings, cups, tablespoons, etc.).