“PURPOSE: To theoretically and clinically evaluate the imp


“PURPOSE: To theoretically and clinically evaluate the impact of axis misalignment of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) on postoperative refraction.

SETTING: International Vision Correction Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

DESIGN: Case series.

METHODS: A method https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nvp-bsk805.html based on mathematical solutions to obliquely crossed

spherocylinders was derived according to the pseudophakic refractive properties and used to analyze the impact of toric IOL misalignment on postoperative refraction. The refractive outcomes were theoretically analyzed and actual postoperative outcomes assessed to confirm the theoretically identified impact.

RESULTS: The mean IOL misalignment was 12.5 degrees +/- 6.7 (SD). Three main factors had an impact on refractive outcomes: hyperopic change in refractive sphere, reduction in astigmatic correction, and rotation of the astigmatic axis. The mean calculated spherical change was Selleck BVD-523 0.32 +/- 0.23 diopters (D) and the actual change, 0.36 +/- 0.71 D. The mean calculated reduction in astigmatic correction

was 0.65 +/- 0.45 D and the actual reduction, 0.95 +/- 0.54 D, indicating undercorrection of preexisting astigmatism. The mean calculated absolute astigmatic rotation was 32.7 +/- 13.2 degrees (range 8 to 55 degrees) and the actual rotation, 29.1 +/- 17.4 degrees. There was a correlation between the calculated and actual reduction (t(2) = 0.51; P = .001) and between the calculated and actual rotation Baf-A1 datasheet (r(2) = 0.86; P<.001).

CONCLUSION: In addition to a reduction in astigmatic correction, misalignment of toric IOLs induced hyperopic spherical change and astigmatic rotation.”
“Background: Previous research on alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) suffers from measurement problems. Missing from the research literature are studies that assess caffeine-alcohol co-ingestion in natural drinking environments.

Methods: This field study collected data in a U.S. college bar district from 328 randomly selected patrons. Anonymous data were obtained from face-to-face interviews and self-administered surveys,

and from breath tests.

Results: Cola-caffeinated alcoholic beverage consumers left bars in a more highly intoxicated state than those who consumed alcohol only. There was no significant difference between the intoxication level of the AmED group and the cola-caffeinated alcoholic beverage group. Results from a multivariate regression model indicated that quantity of caffeinated alcoholic beverage consumption had a significant, positive association with bar patron intoxication after adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusions: Findings indicate that caffeine may have a dose-dependent relationship with alcohol intoxication in the bar/nightclub setting. In addition, results revealed that cola-caffeinated alcoholic drinks may pose similar levels of risk to bar patrons as those associated with AmED beverage consumption.

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