Scale bars, 3 μm Discussion For the ATPS and coacervate droplets studied, exchange of RNA across the droplet boundary occurred orders of magnitude more rapidly than across the membrane of fatty acid vesicles. Although our FRAP measurements report only on the entry of RNA oligomers into ATPS or coacervate droplets, at steady

state, the rate of efflux of RNA from droplets must equal the rate of influx. Our data therefore imply that Lazertinib concentration RNA molecules do not remain localized within any droplet for longer than a period of seconds, and rapidly exchange between droplets via the surrounding bulk phase. Although a larger RNA such as a ribozyme would diffuse more slowly in solution due to its greater mass, our data indicates that longer RNAs will not reside in a droplet for a significantly longer time before diffusing out of the droplet. Fast RNA exchange coupled with the observed rapid coalescence of droplets suggests that ATPS and coacervate droplets would not confer the stable compartmentalization necessary for multiple generations of RNA selection and replication to occur, which would need to be on the order of many

hours, if not days (Deck et al. 2011; Adamala and Szostak 2013b). If a given RNA molecule only resides in a particular droplet for a Foretinib research buy short period of time before exchanging into a different droplet, the products of any functional check details activity of that RNA (such as the catalytic production of a useful metabolite) would be spread across many droplets, and furthermore would not be heritable. In essence, the rapid exchange of RNA molecules between droplets is equivalent to a lack of compartmentalization in a time-averaged sense. Darwinian evolution requires compartmentalization so that mutations that improve function can lead to a selective advantage for the mutant genomic molecule. As the capacity for Darwinian evolution is a basic requirement for any protocell model, it is clear that

unmodified ATPS and coacervate droplets are unsuitable protocell models. To decrease the rate of RNA exchange between droplets, it may be productive to consider systems in which RNA molecules could covalently attach second to a matrix or to particles that would stay localized within a droplet. Many RNA affinity purification techniques rely on covalent attachments to a matrix such as sepharose (Allerson et al. 2003) or agarose beads (Caputi et al. 1999) and such a system could serve to slow RNA exchange. The coacervate system we studied was composed of a simple polypeptide (pLys) and a simple mononucleotide (ATP). RNA-protein (Lee et al. 1977; Drygin 1998; Baskerville and Bartel 2002) or RNA-nucleotide (Flügel and Wells 1972; Flügel et al. 1973) covalent interactions produced by photo-crosslinking could be good starting points to develop a system in which RNA becomes covalently linked to a matrix within coacervate droplets in a prebiotically plausible manner.