Subsequently, 7.1×106 parasites were added to culture flasks. Control bottles contained complete DMEM with parasites only. Samples for RNA extraction were taken after 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h of interaction. Therefore, parasites were detached on ice for 10 min, supernatant was removed and human IECs were washed twice Selleck LY2835219 in cold PBS before being taken up in 1 mL TRIZOL® (Invitrogen) and stored at -20°C until further RNA extraction. To extract parasite

RNA and protein, the supernatant of interactions including detached parasites was centrifuged at 500×g, 4°C, for 10 min and taken up in 1 mL TRIZOL®. To assess the expression status of arginine-consuming enzymes in human IECs as well as parasite genes induced upon interaction, RNA was extracted from each respective interaction sample according to the standard TRIZOL protocol. cDNA was prepared and qPCR performed as described in Stadelmann

et al [7]. Primers are given in Additional file 1: Table S1. Human gapdh (X01677) and G. intestinalis WB ribosomal protein S26 (GL50803_17364) were used as reference genes [7, 23]. Host cell gene expression was related to the 0 h expression value. Parasite gene expression was expressed relative to the expression of parasites kept in complete DMEM. Gene expression in low-arginine medium To assess the expression of nos2 under low arginine-conditions, Caco-2 cells were differentiated as described above in complete DMEM over 21 d in culture flasks, with medium changes twice per week. Evofosfamide chemical structure Thereafter, cells were washed in PBS and the medium was changed to low-arginine medium (RPMI 1640 (with L-glutamine, without arginine, leucine, lysine or phenol red) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 160 μg/mL streptomycin, 160 U/mL penicillin G, 0.4 mM L-lysine and 0.38 mM L-leucine) or low-arginine medium supplemented with 0.4 mM L-arginine

as described in Stadelmann et al, 2012 [7]. Samples for RNA extraction were taken after 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 24 h and nos2 expression assessed by qPCR as described above. Giardia – IEC interaction: nitric oxide production To compare the amounts of nitric oxide (NO) production upon interaction of IECs with different parasite isolates, 5×106 HCT-8 cells were seeded in T25 tissue culture flasks and grown to pre-confluence for 5 days. 3×106 parasites (Ruxolitinib price isolates WB, GS and P15) were added to each flask, including PBS controls. 5 h SB-3CT later cells were stimulated for NO production by adding cytokines (TNF-α (200 ng/mL), IL-1α (200 ng/mL; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), IFN-γ (500 ng/mL; Santa Cruz Biotechnology)). Supernatants for NO measurement were taken after 2, 3 and 4 days of incubation, centrifuged for 10 min at 500×g and supernatants stored at – 20°C until measurement. Therefore triplicates of each sample were measured. 100 μL of the supernatant was reduced by 100 μL of nitrate reductase mix including 0.06 U/mL nitrate reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana, 2.5 μM FAD and 100 μM NADPH in K2HPO4 (50 mM, pH 7.5) in 96 well plates, for 3 h at 37°C.