The .gpc file (Additional file 2) can be used by the scientific comunity to interpret gene expression data, enabling ready visual comparison of experimental results from different studies. Fosfomycin caused weak

upregulation of several mur genes (murIDZ, mraY) that encode enzymes involved in the first step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis (Figure 5). This was selleck chemicals observed at time point t40c4 only. The most strongly induced of the mur genes was that encoding MurZ, a MurA homologue enzyme. Fosfomycin inhibits both MurA and MurZ, which are essential to Gram positive bacteria [5]. Nevertheless, the murA gene (with two probe sets on the chip: MurA, MurA_1; Figure 5) was not found to be significantly differentially expressed. Interestingly, some genes encoding enzymes acting in the final phases of peptidoglycan synthesis – pbpA, bacA, and sgtB – were more induced than the

gene encoding the target enzyme (Figure 5). This suggests that inhibition of MurA and MurZ affects transcription BMS202 supplier of the whole BI 10773 metabolic pathway. In contrast to Escherichia coli, peptidoglycan biosynthetic genes in S. aureus are distributed evenly throughout the chromosome and are regulated independently. As shown by Sobral et al. [6], there is a striking complexity of transcription level links that connect a large number of diverse cellular functions to any particular step in cell wall synthesis. Figure 5 Visualization of S. aureus peptidoglycan metabolic pathway. Node colours correspond see more to fold changes of differentially expressed genes 40 min after treatment with 4 μg/ml of fosfomycin (red – upregulated, green – downregulated, grey – genes not differentially expressed). Metabolites are represented by grey-shaded nodes without the

plus sign on the connecting arcs. Autolysin coding genes atl, lytH, SA0423, and SA2100 were downregulated at t40c4, whereas lytM was upregulated by fosfomycin at that point (Figure 5) suggesting the prevention of further degradation of peptidoglycan. As well as in cell wall stress, gene atl has been found to be downregulated in acid shock [7], SOS response and, cold shock, but upregulated in stringent response [8]. A set of S. aureus genes responding to cell wall active antibiotics, termed the “”cell wall stress stimulon”", were first described by Utaida et al. [9]. They showed an orchestrated response following treatment with antibiotics acting at different stages of cell wall biosynthesis, either intra- (D-cycloserine) or extra-cellularly (vancomycin, oxacillin, bacitracin), at different exposure times and concentrations. The qualitative comparison of differential expression of the cell wall stress stimulon genes in our and previously described studies is presented in Table 2.