The results showed that the TF genes tend to have higher GC contents in the proximal region and most of the TF genes have at least one proximal GC-rich (GC content > 60%) promoter with a CpG island. The promoter distribution analysis showed that the GC-poor promoters were sporadically distributed within the 5-kb flanking genomic sequence (FGS); however, more than half (37 of 70) of the GC-rich promoters were located in the proximal region between nucleotides -1 and -500. Luciferase assays showed that partial GC-rich promoters increased gene expression in SH-SY5Y cells and that CpG methylation repressed the promoter activity. This study suggests a potential general mechanism for regulation of TF expression.”
“The

set of regulatory interactions between genes, mediated by transcription factors, forms a species’ transcriptional regulatory network (TRN). By comparing this network Selleck SCH727965 with measured gene expression data, one can identify functional properties of the TRN and gain general insight into transcriptional control. We define the subnet of a node as the subgraph consisting PI3K inhibitor of all nodes topologically downstream of the node, including itself. Using a large set of microarray expression data of the bacterium Escherichia coli, we find that the gene expression in different subnets exhibits a structured pattern in response

to environmental changes and genotypic mutation. Subnets with fewer changes in their expression pattern have a higher fraction of feed-forward loop motifs and a lower fraction of small RNA targets within them. Our study implies that the TRN consists of several scales of regulatory click here organization: (1) subnets with more varying gene expression controlled by both transcription factors and post-transcriptional RNA regulation and (2) subnets with less varying gene expression having more feed-forward loops and less post-transcriptional RNA regulation.”
“A commercial solid resole phenolic resin was thoroughly characterized with Fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and gel permeation chromatography, and its nonisothermal curing reaction was studied systematically with differential scanning calorimetry at a series of heating rates (beta s) of 3, 4.5, 5.7, and 10 degrees C/min. The results show that the solid resole had a higher molecular weight than conventional liquid resoles, and its reactive hydroxymethyl (CH(2)-OH) and dibenzyl ether (CH(2)-O-CH(2)) functionalities participated in the cross-linking reaction upon heating. The nonisothermal curing reaction of the solid resole exhibited a relatively constant reaction heat, whereas the onset, peak, and end curing temperatures increased gradually with increasing bs. In addition, the reaction kinetics of the solid resole was analyzed with an nth-order reaction model, the global activation energy was determined with the Kissinger method, and the reaction order was derived from the Crane equation.