The streaming speed for particles in coordinate (x and y) directions (i.e., 1 to 4, see Figure 2) can be expressed as e i = cos(π/2 (i − 1)), sin(π/2 (i − 1)), whereas particles in diagonal directions (i.e., 5 to 8 in Figure 2) have velocities of ; however, the particle in the lattice center is at rest and has no streaming speed, i.e., e 0 = 0. Figure 2 A schematic plot showing the

thermal boundary conditions of the problem. The thermal part is simulated using another distribution function for the temperature. For instance, g is used to simulate the distribution function of the dependent variable (temperature) in the this website lattice Boltzmann equation, and an approach similar to that used to simulate the fluid flow is utilized to simulate the temperature find more distribution. In addition, the algorithm suggested by Succi [15] is adopted throughout this work. The kinetic equation for the temperature distribution function with single relaxation

time is given by: (4) which can be written in the form (5) Where g i represents the temperature distribution function of the particles, is the local equilibrium distribution function of the temperature, and , where τ t is the single relaxation time of the temperature distribution. Thus, the equilibrium distribution function of the thermal part is given by [15]: (6) where, ϕ is the macroscopic temperature and is the speed of sound. The diffusion coefficient can be obtained as a function of the relaxation time and given by . The

macroscopic temperature is then computed from: (7) A uniform lattice of 100 × 1,500 is used to perform all of the simulations. However, the number of lattices was doubled to test the grid dependency results. Since the inlet velocity of the flow is specified, the inward distribution functions should be computed at the boundary. In the D2Q9 model, the values of the distribution functions pointing out of the domain at the inlet boundary (i.e., f 3, f 6, f 7 in Figure 2) are known from the streaming step, and the only unknowns are (f 1, f 5, f 8) as well as the fluid density ρ. Following the work of Zou and He [16], the inlet density and the distribution functions can be obtained from: (8) The unknown distribution functions are calculated using (9) An extrapolation scheme is used Urocanase to simulate the outlet flow condition, which can be represented as f i (N x , t) = f i (N x − 1, t), i = 3, 6, 7. The bounce-back scheme is used to specify the boundary conditions on solid surfaces (no-slip boundary), in which the distribution functions pointing to the fluid are equal to those pointing out of the domain. The thermal boundary conditions for this case are given in Figure 2. For constant wall temperature (the lower wall temperature is constant), the unknown functions are obtained using the following equation [15]: (10) The left-hand boundary (channel inlet) is kept at a constant temperature (Dirichlet boundary condition) and set to a dimensionless value of zero.