Under the experimental conditions used, alcohol cravings induced by these two stimuli are not sensitive to acamprosate at clinically used doses. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1178-1186; doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.253; published online 2 February 2011″
“Purpose: Urinary diversion has been used as a surgical option for some bladder diseases. We developed a urinary diversion model in the rat and examined the effects of urinary

diversion on the bladder.

Materials and Methods: We distributed female Sprague-Dawley (R) selleck rats into age matched control, sham urinary diversion and urinary diversion groups. Each group was subsequently evaluated 1 or 8 weeks after urinary diversion or sham operation. Diversion was done by surgical disconnection of the ureters from the bladder and implantation to the

uterine cervix. Conscious cystometry was examined. Bladders were harvested for histological examination and quantification of smooth muscle, urothelium and collagen. Vaginal histology was assessed. Bladder muscarinic and purinergic receptor expression was examined.

Results: All rats survived the urinary diversion procedure. Bladder weight decreased in the diversion group. Cystometry showed decreased intercontractile interval and voided volume in the urinary check details diversion group compared to those in the control and sham operated groups. Compliance was decreased in diverted rats. Smooth muscle and urothelium were decreased as a percent of total bladder cross-sectional area. Collagen increased in 1 and 8-week diverted rats vs controls. Histological examination of the vaginal wall revealed mild swelling in 2 rats. Urinary diversion caused decreased muscarinic 3 and ligand gated purinergic 1 receptor expression but no change in muscarinic 2 or ligand gated purinergic 2 receptors.

Conclusions: Creating a urinary diversion model by ureterovaginostomy in the rat is feasible. Urinary diversion causes distinct functional and morphometric bladder alterations.”
“Disparities

in cocaine-induced neurochemical and metabolic responses between buy BAY 63-2521 human beings and rodents motivate the use of non-human primates (NHP) to model consequences of repeated cocaine exposure in human subjects. To characterize the functional response to cocaine infusion in NHP brain, we employed contrast-enhanced fMRI during both non-contingent injection of drug and self-administration of cocaine in the magnet. Cocaine robustly decreased cerebral blood volume (CBV) throughout basal ganglia and motor/pre-motor cortex and produced subtle functional inhibition of prefrontal cortex. No brain regions exhibited significant elevation of CBV in response to cocaine challenge. Theses effects in NHP brain are opposite in sign to the cocaine-induced fMRI response in rats, but consistent with previous measurements in NHP based on glucose metabolism.