We are grateful to Elke Lang at the DSMZ for her help and substantial input regarding the separation of the isolates and to David H. Green and Mark Hart (SAMS) for useful discussions and advice. Research was funded by the German Research Foundation, the University of Konstanz, the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds (for a travel grant to F.C.K.), the UK Natural Environment Research Council (sequencing grant MGF-154 to F.C.K.)

and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. We would also like to thank Laurent Meijer (CNRS, Roscoff), George R. Pettit and Robin K. Pettit (Cancer Research Institute, Arizona State University) for conducting the expedition to Moorea and for sharing soil and sediment samples. The sequences reported in this paper for learn more the 16S-rRNA genes of Achromobacter xylosoxidans TA12-A, Ensifer adhaerens TA12-B and Pseudomonas nitroreducens TA12-C have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers HM219615, HM219616 and HM219617, respectively). “
“The Tn916-like genetic element Tn5251 is part of the composite conjugative transposon (CTn) Tn5253 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a 64.5-kb chromosomal element originally

called Ω(cat-tet) BM6001. DNA sequence analysis showed that Tn5251 is 18 033-bp long Selleckchem GDC-0068 and contains 22 ORFs, 20 of which have the same direction of transcription. Annotation was possible for 11 out of 22 ORFs,

including the tet(M) tetracycline resistance gene and int and xis involved in the integration/excision process. Autonomous copies of Tn5251 were generated during matings Oxymatrine of Tn5253-containing donors with S. pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. Tn5251 was shown to integrate at different sites in the bacterial chromosome. It behaves as a fully functional CTn capable of independent conjugal transfer to a variety of bacterial species including S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, E. faecalis and Bacillus subtilis. The excision of Tn5251 produces a circular intermediate and a deletion in Tn5253 at a level of 1.2 copies per 105 chromosomes. A large proportion of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) contain the tet(M) gene conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics by ribosomal protection (Pozzi et al., 1986). The tet(M) gene is usually carried by genetic elements of the Tn916–Tn1545 family of conjugative transposons (CTns) (Clewell et al., 1995; Rice, 1998), and eight out of the 36 pneumococcal genomes available in public databases contain this element.