“
“Background: The chronic kidney disease (CKD)-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was developed to address the underestimation of measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation at levels >60 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
Aim: To assess the impact of the CKD-EPI equation on the estimation of GFR in a large adult UK population (n = 561 400), particularly looking at the effect of age.
Design: Serum creatinine results (ID-MS-aligned enzymatic assay) were extracted from the pathology database during 1 year on adult (epsilon 18 years) patients from primary care.
Methods:
The first available creatinine GW4869 mw result from 174 448 people was used to estimate GFR using both equations and agreement assessed.
Results: Median CKD-EPI GFR was significantly higher than median MDRD GFR (82 vs. 76 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P < 0.0001). Overall mean bias between CKD-EPI
and MDRD GFR was 5.0%, ranging from 13.0% in the 18-29 years age group down to -7.5% in those aged epsilon 90 years. Although statistically AMN-107 solubility dmso significant at all age groups the difference diminished with age and the agreement in GFR category assignment increased. Age-adjusted population prevalence of CKD Stages 3-5 was lower by CKD-EPI than by MDRD (4.4% vs. 4.9%).
Conclusion: CKD-EPI produces higher GFR and lower CKD estimates, particularly among 18-59 year age groups with MDRD estimated GFRs of 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (Stage 3A). However, at ages > 70 years there is very
little difference between the equations, and among the very elderly CKD-EPI may actually increase CKD prevalence estimates.”
“Heat transfer in a biological system is a complex process and its analysis is difficult. Heterogeneous vascular architecture, blood flow in the complex network of arteries and veins, varying metabolic heat generation rates and dependence of tissue properties on its physiological condition contribute to this complexity. The understanding of heat transfer in human body is important for better insight of thermoregulatory mechanism and physiological conditions. Its understanding is also important for accurate prediction of thermal transport and temperature distribution during biomedical applications. During the last three decades, many attempts have been made Glycogen branching enzyme by researchers to model the complex thermal behavior of the human body. These models, viz., blood perfusion, countercurrent, thermal phase-lag, porous-media, perturbation, radiation, etc. have their corresponding strengths and limitations. Along with their biomedical applications, this article reviews various contextual issues associated with these models. After brief discussion of early bioheat models, the newly developed bioheat models are discussed in detail. Dependence of these models on biological properties, viz., thermophysical and optical properties are also discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.