In order to dissect the observed Delta C-13 variability in this progeny, six genotypes that have previously been selleck screening library found to display extreme phenotypic values of Delta C-13 [either very high ('high Delta') or low ('low Delta') phenotype] were selected, and transpiration efficiency (TE; accumulated biomass/transpired water), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance for water vapour (g(s)), and intrinsic water use efficiency (W-i=A/g(s)) were compared with Delta C-13 in bulk leaf matter, wood, and cellulose in wood. As expected, ‘high Delta’ displayed higher values of Delta C-13 not only in bulk leaf matter, but also in wood and cellulose. This confirmed the stability of the genotypic differences

in Delta C-13 recorded earlier. ‘High Delta’ also displayed lower TE, lower W-i, and higher g(s). A small difference was detected in photosynthetic capacity but none in mesophyll conductance to CO2. ‘High Delta’ and ‘low Delta’ displayed very similar leaf anatomy, except Wnt inhibitor for higher stomatal density in ‘high Delta’. Finally,

diurnal courses of leaf gas exchange revealed a higher g(s) in ‘high Delta’ in the morning than in the afternoon when the difference decreased. The gene ERECTA, involved in the control of water use efficiency, leaf differentiation, and stomatal density, displayed higher expression levels in ‘low Delta’. In this progeny, the variability of Delta C-13 correlated closely with that of W-i and TE. Genetic differences of Delta C-13 and W-i can be ascribed to differences in stomatal conductance and stomatal density but not in photosynthetic capacity.”
“Florfenicol, is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with wide tissue distribution commonly used to treat camelids. To address the lack

of drug disposition data for florfenicol in llamas, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics after 20 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) dosing. Serum concentrations were determined using a HPLC-UV assay and pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using non-compartmental analysis. Following i.v. injection, systemic clearance and Vd(ss) in llamas were 4.6 mL/min/kg and 737 mL/kg, respectively. Mean residence time after i.v. dosing was 3 h. After i.m. injection, florfenicol was rapidly selleckchem absorbed, with C-max concentrations being 3.2 mu g/mL at 0.5 h, mean residence time was 15 h, mean absorption time was 12 h and absolute bioavailability of florfenicol after i.m. injection was 63%. The prolonged absorption of florfenicol after i.m. administration suggests the apparent HL_lambda z reflects the absorption process rather than elimination of the drug. Florfenicol administration was not associated with adverse reactions after dosing by either route. Serum florfenicol concentrations remained >1.0 mu g/mL for 12 h after i.m. administration. For susceptible pathogens, once daily dosing of 20 mg/kg body weight appears appropriate.