We report a patient with Parkinson’s disease who developed burning mouth syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Our patient had resolution of burning mouth symptoms when carbidopa/levodopa was replaced with a dopamine agonist. Based on our patient’s selleck clinical course, in conjunction with earlier studies assessing the relationship between burning mouth syndrome and Parkinson’s disease, we discuss a potential role for dopamine in burning mouth syndrome in Parkinson’s disease.”
“Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays an important role in neural progenitor cell (NPC) propagation and dopaminergic
differentiation. In the presence of oxygen and iron, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is rapidly degraded via the prolyl hydroxylase (PHD)/VHL pathway. In addition to hypoxia, various non-hypoxic stimuli can stabilize HIF-1 alpha in NPCs and influence the transcription of HIF-regulated genes. Here, we investigate various hypoxia mimetics: deferoxamine (DFO), ciclopirox olamine (CPX), dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG), a novel HIF-PHD inhibitor (FG-4497) and cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) with respect to their ability to enhance in vitro proliferation, neurogenesis Dinaciclib research buy and dopaminergic differentiation of human fetal mesencephalic NPCs (hmNPCs) in ambient oxygen (21%).
Although able to stabilize HIF-1 alpha, iron chelators (DFO and CPX) and DMOG were toxic to hmNPCs. CoCl(2) was beneficial only towards neuronal and dopaminergic differentiation, while FG-4497 enhanced proliferation, neurogenesis and dopaminergic differentiation of hmNPCs. Both CoCl(2) and FG-4497 were protective to human dopaminergic neurons. Finally, exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) also stabilized HIF-1 alpha in hmNPCs and induced neurogenesis in vitro. These findings suggest that several HIF stabilizing agents or conditions can rescue impaired neurons and promote neurogenesis in vitro.”
“Study
Design. In vitro experiment using bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and cells from the nucleus pulposus (NP), transitional zone (TZ), and anulus fibrosus (AF) of the human intervertebral disc (IVD).
Objective. To VS-6063 cell line demonstrate the differential effect of BMP-2 on DNA synthesis, proteoglycan synthesis, and osteocalcin mRNA expression in human IVD cells from the NP, TZ, and AF, respectively.
Summary of Background Data. BMP-2 has been proven to be effective in stimulating proteoglycan synthesis in articular chondrocytes and IVD cells from the NP. Nevertheless, the effect of BMP-2 on cells from different regions of the IVD has not yet been thoroughly elucidated.
Methods. Human IVDs were harvested from surgical disc procedures and tissue from the NP, TZ, and AF was obtained. Disc tissue was enzymatically digested, and IVD cells were cultured three-dimensionally in alginate beads. Then IVD cell cultures from the NP, TZ, and AF were exposed to BMP-2.