This expression profile indicates tissue damage has occurred in the host, which can lead to induction of the ubiquitin system, peptidoglysis and pro teasomal degradation. Indeed, the ubiquitin D gene required to label proteins Tipifarnib Transferase inhibitor for proteasomal degrada tion, peptidoglysis associated genes as well as genes encoding the pro teasome, a multi subunit complex that degrades proteins targeted for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway, were significantly induced beginning at 16 hpi. Suppression of various metabolic pathways alters liver cellular homeostasis Gene expression profiles revealed a number of genes cod ing for various metabolic enzymes were down regulated in the liver after 24 hpi. Gene ontology identified that most of the suppressed genes were involved in oxidation reduc tion, organic and carboxylic acid metabolic processes, elec tron carrier activity, lipid metabolic processes etc.

GeneTrail analysis revealed most of these genes including acetyl coenzyme A acyltransferase 1B, acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, medium chain, acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase, aconitase 1, aldehyde dehydrogenase, enolase 1, enoyl coenzyme A, 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase 2, code for proteins involved in the amino acid metabolism path ways. The top ten pathways suppressed following B. pseu domallei infection are shown in Table 1. Cytochrome B has a crucial role in the activity of the bc1 complex, one of several complexes that contribute to energy transduction in the mitochondria.

Sur prisingly, a number of cytochrome B genes associated with phosphorylation dependent pathways and cytochrome P450 metabolism of xenobiotics were significantly down regulated after 24 hpi. Many enzymes associated with essential pathways are modulated during B. pseudomallei acute infection. Gly colysis is a central pathway that produces important precursor metabolites including glucose 6 phosphate and pyruvate. Many of the glycolytic enzymes were sig nificantly down regulated, including phosphofructoki nase, PFKP, aldolase 1, A isoform, ALDOC, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, ENO1, ENO2, as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase beta, the key enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA for energy production via the TCA cycle. A number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the TCA cycle were also down regulated.

In addition, the alternative pathways involved in producing acetyl CoA or TCA cycle components such as the fatty acid metabolism, tyr osine metabolism as well as valine, leucine and isoleu cine degradation pathways, were also down regulated. The modulation profile of glycolysis and TCA cycle in response to B. pseudomallei acute infection Cilengitide is summar ized in Additional file 4, Figure S3. Discussion Individuals with acute melioidosis present symptoms rapidly and succumb to disease before antibio tic treatment can be administrated.