0, 200mM sucrose, and 5mM UDP. After incubation at 37��C for 30min, the resulting fructose was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid reaction. The data were expressed on fresh mass basis. Total soluble protein contents of the crude enzyme extracts were determined according to Bradford [32].2.6. Statistical AnalysisThe experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. selleck inhibitor Data were tested by SPSS 13.0 for Windows program and mean separation was accomplished by Duncan test at P < 0.05.3. Results3.1. Freezing InjuryChanges in freezing injury in bark tissues of sweet cherry tree cv. 0900 Ziraat and Lambert grafted on Gisela 5 and Mazzard rootstocks in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and nonacclimated (NA, in July) stages with respect to exposure to freezing treatments are shown in Figure 1.

In general, freezing injury (expressed by reference to controls) was the highest in NA stage than CA stage after freezing tests. The lowest and the highest average freezing injury were observed in barks exposed to 4��C and ?25��C, respectively. Freezing injury was below 50% in barks exposed to 4��C and ?5��C in both period and was higher in NA stage exposed to ?15��C and 25��C.Figure 1The changes of injury under low-temperature treatments in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and nonacclimated (NA, in July) bark tissues of sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstock. Error bars represent �� SE of three replications.Difference between graft combinations was more prominent in NA stage than in CA stage.

Accordingly, while there was no significant correlation between graft combinations and low temperature treatments at 4, ?5, and ?15��C, injury was significantly greater in sweet cherry cultivars grafted on Gisela 5 rootstock compared with Mazzard at ?25��C treatment. The highest injury by this treatment was observed in cv. Lambert grafted on Gisela 5. However, Lambert constituently showed higher injury on Mazzard than 0900.3.2. Soluble SugarsTSS contents of all graft combinations were significantly higher in CA stage than NA stage (Figure 2(a)). The highest TSS content was measured in Gisela 5/0900 (~57.5mg/g FW) and Mazzard/0900 (~56.5mg/g FW) combinations and the lowest in Gisela 5/Lambert (~44.5mg/g FW). However, no significant difference was detected among TSS contents of graft combinations in NA stages.

Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of sampling stage, grafting combination, and the interaction of sampling stage and grafting combination on TSS content (Table 1).Figure 2TSS (a), reducing sugars (b), and sucrose (c) contents in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and nonacclimated Dacomitinib (NA, in July) bark tissues of sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstock. FW: fresh weight. Error bars represent �� SE of three …

7min) corresponding to the chicory inulin used as a standard. A minor peak with an elution time of 7.5min was detected just before the sucrose peak which could be considered as BI 6727 a fructan of low DP or fructooligosaccharide. However, for practical considerations regarding this work, these two peaks were quantified as total fructans. It was found in this way that fructan, sucrose, glucose, and fructose constituted 85.6 �� 2.52%, 4.67 �� 0.22%, 3.99 �� 0.14%, and 6.36 �� 0.54%, (dry matter) respectively, of the total sugars present in the agave fructan powder. Foregoing, it is evident that agave fructan was partially purified and additional experiments are required using more efficient filtration and purifying process than those used in the present research for treating the Agave salmiana juice and obtaining a fructan powder with chemical composition similar to the reference inulin.

The results from the HPLC analysis of samples taken indicate that the kinetics where fructan is used as a substrate, not only are the sugar of interest (Figure 4) but also show the presence of a peak with a retention time (RT) of 17.1min, which not corresponds with the RT of sugars standards provided. The compound of RT of 17.1 is not a product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of fructan powder, since its concentration remains constant during this process, the tendency of elution in HPLC of fructan goes from fructose polymer to simple sugars (high-to-low-molecular weight, as shown in Figure 3), so we concluded that the peak of 17.1 could be a polar compound and volatile.

Figure 3Gas chromatogram of polar volatile compounds of powder fructan obtained with PEG fiber and Stabilwax capillary column.The extraction of volatile polar compounds in fructan was performed by SPME and subsequently identified by GC-MS, using both procedures polar fiber and column (Figure 3). The compounds identified by GC-MS are shown in Table 2. The compounds correspond to higher percentage of acetic acid and lactic acid, the retention times obtained by HPLC for both acids are acetic acid 13.4min and 17.1min for lactic acid. According to this result, we can say that the peak retention time 17.1min fructan powder corresponds to lactic acid, this was confirmed by powder fructan enriched with lactic acid. The lactic acid is present in samples with high sugar content as a result of fermentation processes [44, 45].

Table 2Composition of volatile compounds from solid Agave salmiana, obtained from the PEG fiber and Stabilwax column (carbowax). 3.3. HPLC Analysis of the Hydrolysis KineticsAs an example, Figures (4(a) and 4(b)) present the chromatographic evolution of substrate hydrolysis and the corresponding release of sugars for experiments 2 and 6 (Table Brefeldin_A 1) with chicory inulin and agave fructan as substrates, respectively.

[17] showed that Cu, Pb, and Cd were the highest metal accumulated in tissues of freshwater snails in dams and rivers in southwest Nigeria, and metal concentrations in the snails were varied with the seasons, especially for Cu which was higher in the dry season compared to the rainy season. According to Luoma more and Rainbow [7] the factors that affect the rate of uptake of metals affect the toxicity of metal. This is in agreement with the results from the present study which shows that Cu, which was the most toxic to the snail, also has the highest CF in the soft tissues of M. tuberculata. In explaining the toxicity of Cu, Hoang and Rand [55] demonstrate that the potential toxicity of Cu carbonate to snails may be explained by the carbonate content in the snails.

The carbonate requirement for snails is more than for fish because snails require it for shell development. Copper may enter snails as Cu carbonate. After entering snails, Cu carbonate may be disassociated through biological and chemical reactions. Carbonate would be available for shell development and Cu would be accumulated in soft tissue. Hoang et al. [56] also reported that with the juvenile apple snail (Pomacea paludosa), most of the accumulated Cu was located in soft tissue (about 60% in the viscera and 40% in the foot) and the shell contained <4% of the total accumulated copper. However, a comparison of the uptake rate in aquatic organisms showed that in general the order of the uptake rate constant is Ag > Zn > Cd > Cu > Co > Cr > Se [7]. This discrepancy is probably due to short time of exposure (four days) to metals in this study.

Other factors which may influence the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms has been suggested, such as their feeding habit [57], growth rate and age of the organism [14, 58], and the bioavailability of the metals, which greatly depends on hardness of water, pH, and the acid-volatile sulphide of the water [59]. Hoang and Rand [55] showed that the apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) accumulated more Cu from soil-water than from water-only treatments and this suggests that apple snails accumulate Cu from soil (-sediment)/water systems. Organisms with higher growth rates also usually have lower metal concentrations in their bodies as the rate of increase in the weight of its tissue and shell will be higher than the accumulated metals [14].

According to Lau et al. [14], the shell of M. tuberculata would be most suitable for monitoring Cu in the aquatic environment, which has an approximately thirtyfold magnification capability and with standard errors of less than 10%. Cilengitide Zn would be best monitored by using the shell of M. tuberculata, whose magnification capability was approximately 35 times and its error was at approximately 15%. Both tissue and shell of M.

The examined material is deposited in the Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LIN SB RAS).3. ResultsExtensive collection of parasitic annelids (Hirudinea, Clitellata) and their hosts has been going for many years of research in the Chivyrkuy Gulf. Morphological analysis of this collection has been completed recently. The results are presented as a checklist of leech species inhabiting the Chivyrkuy Gulf of Lake Baikal. The list was composed of 22 species and 2 subspecies. The exact systematic position of each taxon and its taxonomic hierarchy data are given in Table 1.Table 1Leech species composition of the Chivyrkuy Gulf with exact systematic position of all taxa and their taxonomic hierarchy data.3.1. Taxonomic Review and a Brief Description of Each TaxonIn a brief commentary, we include a concise description of each leech species with emphasis on host-parasite relationship, zoogeographical and ecological characteristics, the occurrence of species, and its spatial distribution within the Chivyrkuy Gulf. Numerical evaluation of biodiversity could be useful for understanding the importance of species number in terms of actual biodiversity of parasites. The classification of fish taxa is given according to Bogutskaya and Naseka [23].3.1.1. Theromyzon maculosum (Rathke, 1862) Local host: unknown. Locality: Monakhovo Bay (NGR).A widespread but rarely found Palaearctic species. It is known as the bloodsucker of swimming birds inhabiting warm shallow gulfs of Lake Baikal [18, 24]. Two individuals of this species were found in the coastal part of transect 1 (Figure 1) at a depth of 1�C3m during zoobenthic study. The body size of collected specimens was 20�C25mm.3.1.2. Theromyzon tessulatum (M��ller, 1774) Local host: unknown. Locality: Chivyrkuy Gulf (?).This Palaearctic species is known as the bloodsucker of waterfowl [24]. It was not recorded in samples from the Chivyrkuy Gulf. Nevertheless, there are all suitable environmental conditions for existence of T. tessulatum in the Chivyrkuy Gulf.3.1.3. Hemiclepsis marginata (M��ller, 1774) Local host: young fish, invertebrates (NHR). Locality: Kotovo Bay (NGR), Zmejovaya Bay (NGR).A common Palaearctic species. Bloodsucker of fish, tadpoles, and amphipods. Representatives of this species were found at transect 1 (Figure 1) in washout from aquatic vegetation and at transect 2 (Figure 1) on stones at a depth of 0.3�C0.7m. Living leeches are green with a length of 14�C16mm and 3mm in width. Alcohol fixed specimens rapidly lose their beautiful intravital colouring.3.1.4. Helobdella nuda (Moore, 1924) Local host: Mollusca: Gastropoda. Locality: Zmejovaya Bay (NGR).A Palaearctic species inhabiting the Amur River basin. It has been recorded recently in Lake Baikal [25]. We found H.

Age signal generated by the frequency comparator may then be analyzed. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Tipifarnib(R115777).html The OWCS has multiple aging monitors that track operational age of the multiple circuit components, such as memory controller, subsystem CPU. Typically, the subsystem CPU may be specially measured by multiple aging monitors.According to Figure 12, we clearly explain that the aging effect is closely related to the operational temperature, voltage supply, and time. Assume that the environment temperature and voltage supply is not unchanged; as time goes, the aging effect becomes more apparent than before. In summary, the aging test in the OWCS is an indispensible flow that still needs to be improved in the future. Figure 12The aging progress.10.

ConclusionWith the reliability and the flexibility of the SPCU, each subsystem of the OWCS can be easily provided with the three different voltage and clock and request the DVFS. Besides, the sleep time can be precisely performed by two kinds of the sleep timers during the sleep mode; the voltage supply of each subsystem in the OWCS can be monitored in real time. It is worth noting that the new design can be used to solve the problem on how to save the power consumption and how to overcome instability of voltage supply. In general, it is obvious that the SPCU can make the OWCS save the power and monitor the age of OWCS well, which has been successfully used in the OWCS. Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area on how to achieve the lowest power consumption in the OWCS by this method provided in this paper.

Acknowledgment This work was supported by Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Contract no. 36275128.
As a consequence of global increase of economic and societal prosperity, ecosystems and natural resources have been substantially exploited, Carfilzomib degraded, and destroyed in the last century [1�C3]. Land is one of the most valuable natural resources because of its close relation with human daily lives, and it is suffering high strength of landscape transformation activities such as mine exploitation, infrastructure construction, and agriculture cultivation, which have an important influence on the composition and quality of land resources [4]. The sustainable management of land resource has become the broadly accepted backdrop for policy and management decisions in most parts of the world [5�C8]. Described as an activity that envisages future land arrangements [9], land-use planning has been recognized as a key instrument for identifying and ensuring sustainable land resource uses, improving the livelihoods of rural communities, and thereby achieving sustainable development [10].Land use/cover change (LUCC) is the result of diverse interactions between society and the environment [11�C13].

6��g/kg) while in organic herbs, rosehip had the highest mean concentration of AFB1 (44.5��g/kg).Table 1Aflatoxin B1 content of organic spice samples.Table 2Aflatoxin B1 content of organic herb samples.The selleck chemical Regorafenib popularity of organic foods continues to grow dramatically. Consumers purchasing organic foods may do so for a number of reasons, including perceived benefits to the environment, animal welfare, and worker safety and the perception that organic foods are safer and more nutritious [10]. This perception is mainly associated with organic food production techniques. In organic food production the use of synthetic fertilizers or sewage sludge is prohibited [13]. Organic foods, despite the assumption that they are safe, can also carry risks as much as conventional foods.

Some studies have concluded that organic foods are significantly more contaminated with mycotoxins than conventional foods [14�C19].In our study the results of the survey indicate that organically produced spices and herbs were heavily contaminated with AFB1, especially cinnamon, sumac, red pepper, camomile, and rosehip samples. Several studies have reported AFB1 contamination in spices and herbs. Ozbey and Kabak [5] reported that AFB1 levels in four red chili flake and three red chili powder samples were above the EU limit of 5��g/kg. Aydin et al. [20] analyzed 100 powdered red pepper samples in Turkey, and AFB1 levels in 18 (18%) of 100 powdered red pepper samples were found to be higher than the legal limits of European Commission (>5��g/kg). They reported high levels of AFB1 contamination in red pepper powder with levels of contamination up to 40.

9��g/kg. Kanbur et al. [21] reported that the AFB1 contamination in red pepper samples is from 1.48 to 70��g/kg in Turkey. Erdogan [22] reported that 8 out of 44 red scale pepper samples were contaminated with AFB1 ranging from 1.1 to 97.5��g/kg. Riordan and Wilkinson [23] tested 130 commercial spice preparations, and 96% of the samples contained aflatoxin <10��g/kg. Maximum aflatoxin level was detected (27.5��g/kg) in chili powder. Martins et al. [2] reported that cumin samples were contaminated with AFB1 in the range of 1�C5��g/kg in Portugal. In our study, among samples, poppy seeds, anise, and thyme had the lowest AFB1 value. The absence of AFB1 contamination in thyme samples may be attributed to inhibition of mold growth by indigenous antifungal activity of essential oils.

R. Z. Soad and M. A. Soad [24] reported that thyme oil was effective against all Carfilzomib the tested fungi, and thyme oil could be used as a suitable lead to design effective and specific new fungicides. Anise essential oil has also stronger antifungal activities as several studies have shown [25�C27]. 4. ConclusionThe mycotoxin risks of organically produced foods are real due to the increasing popularity of organic food.

Note that time domain stability measures sometimes depend onfhandflwhich should be given to obtain numerical results. In this paper,fh = 5kHz andfl = 0.01Hz are assumed.The phase useful handbook noise in time domain can then be represented by��osc(t)=Kx(t)?h(t),(5)where K is a constant,(t)denotes the phase noise sequence in time domain and denotes the convolution operator.3.2. Model of Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Phase NoiseFigure 2 shows a fairly general PLL arrangement with a phase detector (PD), a low-pass loop filterHL(s), a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in the forward path and a mixer, an intermediate frequency (IF) filterHM(s), and a divider (��N). Additionally, a divider (��Q) and a multiplier (��N) are also placed.

Since all the noises generated or added in individual PLL blocks are small compared with the useful signals, the small signal theory makes it possible to use the Laplace transform to find the output noise of the considered PLL system or, more exactly, the, respectively, power spectral densities.Figure 2Model of a general PLL with additive noise.According to Figure 2, we can get that +Nmu(s)?Nmi(s)]?H(s)+Nosc[1?H(s)],(6)where??+(NDQ(s)?Ndn(s)+VPDn(s)+VFn(s)Kd)NFM(s)???=[Nin(s)(M+NQ1FM(s))?[31]NPLL(s) the effective loop transfer functionH(s)isH(s)=K0KdF(s)s+K0KdF(s),(7)withF(s)=1+s��2s��1.(8)The��1and��2are the loop low-pass filter parameters. The details can be found in [32]. Note that all the other variables are illustrated in Figure 2. Since most of the noise components are random and uncorrelated, the power spectral density of ?|H(jf)|2+S��,osc(f)|1?H(jf)|2.

(9)We??��N2+S��,mu(f)+S��,mi(f)}???+[S��,DQ(f)+S��,dn(f)+S��,PDn(f)+S��,Fn(f)Kd2]???={S��,in(f)(M+NQ)2?the PLL output phase noise isS��,PLL(f) see that the first term in the brace of (9) is inevitable since it is merely a multiplied reference oscillator noise. The second term includes the divider noise, phase detector noise, and loop filter noise, all multiplied by the division ratio N. Finally, with the third term, the multiplier and mixer noises are added; generally, they are small compared with the second term [33]. Hence, all the additive Dacomitinib noises, due to the phase detector, loop frequency divider, loop amplifiers, and loop filters are required to quantify prior to predicting the synchronization accuracy.3.2.1. Phase Detector and Mixer There are both theoretical and experimental lines of evidences that additive noise due to the mixers is quite small and of the order of the loading circuit noise. Experimental results show that the best phase detector is a double-balanced mixer [28].

Proof ��(i)It is obvious that ||��|| �� 0 for all �� and ||��|| = 0 if �� = 0. Conversely, if �̡�0, from Lemma 5, it follows that the midpoint function ��M �� 0M. selleck kinase inhibitor Thus we have||?��?||=inf?�͡�?��?||��||=inf?�͡�?��?(sup?0��a��1max?��L(a))��inf?�͡�?��?(sup?0��a��1|��L(a)+��R(a)|2)=sup?0��a��1|��M(a)|>0.(23)(ii)For all ��/ and b , we have||b?��?||=||?b��?||=inf?�͡�?b��?||��||=inf?b�͡��?b��?||b�͡�||=inf?�͡��?��?||b�͡�||=|b|||?��?||.(24)(iii)For all ��, ��/, we have that||?��?+?��?||=||?��+��?||=inf?�ء�?��+��?||��||��inf?�̡��?��?,�͡��?��?||��+��||��inf?�̡��?��?,�͡��?��?(||��||+||��||)��inf?�̡��?��?||��||+inf?�͡��?��?||��||=||?��?||+||?��?||.(25)We conclude that ||?|| is a norm on /.Now we show that the function �� : / �� / �� induced by ||?|| as ��(��, ��) = ||�� ? ��|| is exactly a metric on /.

Theorem 10 ��The function �� is a metric on /.Proof ��(i)By the definition of ��, it is obvious that ��(��, ��) �� 0, for any ��, ��/. If ��(��, ��) = 0, then ||�� ? ��|| = 0. Thus by Theorem 9, we get �� = ��. In addition, by Lemma 2 we have ��(��, ��) = ||�� ? ��|| = 0.(ii)For all ��, ��/, we have that��(?��?,?��?)=||?��?��?||=||(?1)?��?��?||=||��?��||=��(?��?,?��?).(26)(iii)For any ��, ��, ��/, we have��(?��?,?��?)=||?��?��?||=||?��?��+��?��?||?��||?��?��?||+||?��?��?||=��(?��?,?��?)+��(?��?,?��?).(27)We conclude that �� is a metric on /.4. ConclusionsIn this present investigation, we studied the norm induced by the supremum metric d�� on the space of fuzzy numbers. And then we proposed a method for constructing a norm on the quotient space of fuzzy numbers.

This norm is very natural and works well with the induced metric on /. The works in this paper enable us to study the fuzzy numbers in the new environment. We hope that our results in this paper may lead to significant, new, and innovative results in other related fields.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the Mathematical Tianyuan Foundation of China (Grant no. 11126087), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11201512) and the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC (cstc2012jjA00001).
The synthesis and study of nanoscale materials have attracted much attention in recent years. One-dimensional nanostructures, including nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes, have many amazing properties such as high density, high aspect ratio, and low threshold voltage in field emission.

On the other hand, the application of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect found in 2-D metallic multilayers [1] has also been rigorously investigated for applications in the magnetic industry such as information storage and magnetic Entinostat sensors [2, 3]. The development of high-density perpendicular magnetic recording encourages the trend to investigate new types of magnetic structures as the medium.

All audiological data is based on what was estimated at the first fitting of the audio processor. Radiological http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html scanning by flat-panel angiography was performed after May 2009. In the prospective portion of the study, 17 operations (between May 2009 and February 2010) were included using a standardized surgical approach. This approach consisted of the following steps.The RW was visualized by removing the promontory lip. Low-speed drilling away from the promontory lip was performed at 1000r/sec. Ivalon (a PVA sponge) was placed between the FMT and the round window. The FMT was stabilized at the distal end with cartilage and covered with fascia. This construction was covered with fibrin glue. Because they were fitted with the new Amade audio processor (AP), patients number 20 to 24 were only evaluated radiologically.

2.3. Radiological ExaminationDetermination of the FMT-RW position was performed with an Allura Xper FD20 system (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands), using a flat panel detector. The system’s parameters were as follows: entrance field of 22cm, 274mAs, 95kV, 180�� rotation, 241 projections, and filter 0.90mm Cu + 1.00mm Al and postero-anterior (p.a.). The focus panel distance was constant during the whole rotation at a frequency of 30pic/s. The 3D angiography was performed in the unsubtracted mode. From this volume data set, the temporal bones were secondarily enlarged (FoV of 100mm), digitally stored, and sent to an external workstation (Extended Brilliance Workspace, Philips, Cleveland, USA) for the 2D- and 3D-reconstruction.

The actual classification of the single scans was performed independently by two ENT surgeons and one radiologist. Since a correlation between the radiologic classification and the functional gain could not be observed (Figure 9), a secondary measurement was performed. Additional factors were introduced (AF, APR), which might represent the amount of gain reserve of the system after reaching the obtained functional gain. The assumption was that the more effort the system has to make to reach that FG for an audiological sufficient threshold (in case of insufficient coupling of the FMT to the RW membrane), the less APR remains, and therefore a smaller AF in comparison to a good coupling of the FMT persists.Figure 9Mean functional gain (overclosure) in dB.2.4.

Calculation of the ��Audio Processor Factor�� (AF) The AF should serve as an indicator for the quality of RW coupling. Two major determinants were considered, that is, the functional gain (calculated as warble tone threshold at the patients preferred volume settings minus postoperative bone conduction threshold) and the so-called audio AV-951 processor reserve. For a better visualization of the functional gain, the value is multiplied by ?1. The audio processor reserve was measured after the fitting by using an audio processor Type 404 (AP 404) in Kuppler mode (with a 2ccm chamber at 65dB).

Study objectivesThe primary objective was to describe the management of patients with febrile neutropenia in EDs and to determine whether management complies with recommendations. 17-AAG buy The secondary objective was to determine the factors associated with adequate management.Evaluation criteria in the guidelines were identified to accurately assess the primary end points. Patients with febrile neutropenia were divided into two groups: those with and those without severe sepsis or septic shock (SS/SSh).Patients with SS/SSh were selected according to the following criteria [9,17]: blood lactate more than 4 mmol/L, or low blood pressure before fluid challenge (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or 40 mmHg below usual systolic blood pressure), or at least one organ dysfunction (pulse oxymetry [SpO2] <95% with fraction of inspired oxygen >0.

5, blood creatinine >176 ��mol/L or oliguria, international normalised ratio >2, bilirubinemia >78 ��mol/L, Glasgow Coma Scale <15). Thrombopenia was excluded from the criteria because of the potential effect of chemotherapy on platelet counts. Patients without SS/SSh were identified as high risk or low risk according to the MASCC classification [6] (Table (Table1).1). Of note, data that allowed determination of MASCC and presence of SS/SSh were collected at the bedside by attending physicians. Implementation of the database was not intended to help physicians detecting the severity of a patient's condition.Table 1Classification according to the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer(MASCC) [6]Implementation of the following guidelines was assessed.

Management of patients with SS/SSh required for the 90 first minutes [9,10]: (i) a dose regimen of adequate (broad-spectrum) intravenous antimicrobial therapy; (ii) fluid challenge (500 mL) if mean arterial blood pressure was less than 65 mmHg; (iii) lactate measurement; (iv) AV-951 at least one blood culture; and (v) hospitalization. Management of patients without SS/SSh who were high risk according to MASCC criteria required [18-20]: (i) adequate intravenous antimicrobial agent (broad-spectrum beta-lactam with or without an aminoglycoside); (ii) no initiation of granulocyte-cell stimulating factor (G-CSF); and (iii) hospitalization. Management of patients without SS/SSh who were low-risk according to MASCC criteria required [18-20]: (i) adequate oral antimicrobial agent (quinolone or amoxicillin/clavulanate or cephalosporin); (ii) no initiation of G-CSF; and (iii) hospital discharge.Patients were divided into two groups; those managed according to recommendations and those who were not, irrespective of initial severity. The two populations were compared to determine the factors associated with adequate management.