The testing history of those individuals attending community settings was reported in 15 studies, with 13 of 15 showing that the large majority of clients (between 62 and 100%) had previously had an HIV test [18, 27, 31, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 47, 51, 59, 60] and only two studies [17, 25] reporting that < 50% of people attending had tested previously. Both of these studies used mobile vans to offer HIV testing and one targeted BME communities in the USA [25], while the other,

conducted in Spain, did not target any particular high-risk group [17]. Only one study compared the testing history of all those who tested with the testing history of those who received a positive result. Overall, 14% of attendees had never previously been tested. However, among those who were newly diagnosed, this proportion was higher, at 24% [59]. Where included studies compared clients who tested in community Selleckchem CB-839 settings with those attending more traditional testing services, such as sexual health or STI clinics, there were conflicting results. Two studies, one among MSM testing at a stand-alone HIV testing site in the UK [34] and one in Wisconsin, USA [19], showed that individuals attending community settings were less likely to receive a positive result than individuals

attending the local STI or traditional sexual health clinic. AZD4547 in vitro By contrast, a Los click here Angeles, USA study found a higher seropositivity in MSM tested in a community setting

(5.3%) than among those tested at an STI clinic (3.9%) [43]. The fourth study showed that a similar HIV seropositivity was observed at a mobile clinic targeting BME populations compared with other testing sites within the same geographical area [55]. The proportions of patients who received their HIV test result ranged from 29 to 100% (data available for 16 studies) [17, 18, 20, 23-25, 27, 28, 33, 36, 38, 46, 51, 53, 57, 59]. Three studies, which conducted testing from mobile vans, had < 50% return rates (using oral fluid [36, 53] or serological testing [24, 53]). The use of rapid tests consistently resulted in higher proportions of individuals receiving their results (>80%) compared to when laboratory blood or salivary tests were used (five studies) [18, 20, 23, 27, 46]. Only three studies reported the proportion of those patients who received a positive HIV test result who were successfully linked to care, and this was 75% [33] and 100% [34, 38]. Overall, where reported, client satisfaction with community testing services was high (Table 3). Choice of test type [20], use of a noninvasive test [52], anonymous testing [21, 44], confidentiality and the test being free of charge [21] were cited as important factors by clients in choosing to test for HIV. Three studies showed that rapid testing was preferred by clients [18, 20, 27].

, 2005; Cha et al., 2010). One of the CRP homologues, glxR (cg0350), has been reported to regulate the gene expression of glyoxylate bypass enzymes involved in acetate

metabolism, aceB [encoding malate synthase (MS)] (Kim et al., 2004). Letek ABT-199 cell line et al. (2006) showed the possibility that GlxR acts as a transcriptional regulator of the catabolite repression of two genes, gntP (encoding gluconate permease) and gntK (encoding gluconate kinase), involved in gluconate catabolism. Recently, GlxR has been reported to bind to the upstream regions of several genes involved in central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Han et al., 2007, 2008). In addition, Kohl et al. (2008) identified 51 binding sites in vitro using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, where the sites were selected from 201 potential GlxR-binding DNA-PK inhibitor sites based on in silico analysis of the C. glutamicum genome. Thus, GlxR has been suggested to be an important transcriptional regulator involved in the regulation of several metabolic genes. However, a C.

glutamicum mutant deficient in the glxR gene has not yet been characterized, due to the difficulties involved in constructing such a mutant. Accordingly, in this study, a glxR deletion mutant was constructed and characterized to analyse its role in C. glutamicum. The resulting data revealed that GlxR acts as a transcriptional repressor of the aceA [encoding isocitrate lyase (ICL)] and aceB genes involved in acetate metabolism. In addition, the derepression of the gluA gene of the glutamate uptake system in the glxR mutant on glucose medium suggests that GlxR plays a role as a global regulator controlling both carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and acetate metabolism. The bacterial strains, plasmids and oligonucleotides used in this study are listed in Table 1. The E. coli strain was grown in Luria–Bertani medium (10 g L−1

tryptone, 5 g L−1 yeast extract, 10 g L−1 NaCl) at 37 °C, and the C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 and glxR mutant MG-132 purchase strains were grown at 30 °C in MB medium (15 g L−1 tryptone, 5 g L−1 yeast extract, 5 g L−1 soytone, 5 g L−1 NaCl) (Follettie et al., 1993) or brain–heart infusion (BHI) medium (Eggeling & Reyes, 2004). As the carbon source, glucose, fructose, acetate, pyruvate or glutamate was added to the media at 1% (w/v). When appropriate, ampicillin, kanamycin and chloramphenicol were added at concentrations of 50, 20 and 10 μg mL−1, respectively. The oligonucleotides used in this study were purchased from Genotech (Korea). Standard molecular cloning procedures were followed in this study (Sambrook et al., 1989). The chromosomal DNA from the C. glutamicum cells was isolated using a genomic DNA purification kit (SolGent, Korea), and the DNA fragments from the agarose gel were eluted using the Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Germany). The plasmids were introduced into C. glutamicum by electroporation (Tauch et al., 2002).

, 2005). A mutation in fimA (type I pili) resulted in a biofilm-deficient and twitching-enhanced phenotype, which increased X. fastidiosa motility within the xylem vessels of grapevine (Meng et al., 2005). A pilY1 mutant had a twitching-reduced phenotype (Meng et al., 2005). The expression of genes, such as fimT and fimA

encoding type I pili, was increased in grapevine xylem fluid, likely contributing to an enhanced ability to attach and form a biofilm within the xylem vessels of grapevine. The higher buy Cabozantinib expression of the type IV pili genes pilI, pilT, pilU, pilY1, pilE, pilG, pilZ, and pilH in grapevine xylem fluid suggested that X. fastidiosa could enhance the migration and colonization of the xylem system of grapevine. In contrast, the lower expression of type IV pili genes in the xylem fluid of citrus (Table 1) suggests that X. fastidiosa remains in relatively few xylem vessels and has less motility within the

xylem system of citrus. These results are consistent with reports that the severity of disease symptoms is positively associated with a higher proportion of X. fastidiosa colonized vessels in coffee and plum, but not in citrus (Alves et al., 2004). The increased expression of secG, a secreted protein in the type II secretion system (Simpson et al., 2000), in grapevine xylem fluid, is consistent

with a role for the type II system in the secretion of important virulence factors, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes (Chatterjee et IWR 1 al., 2008). Genes involved in physiological metabolism under stress, such as the heat shock protein genes hspA and clpP, sulfoxide reductase gene msrA, and hypothetical protein genes PD0008, PD1741, and PD2031, were also highly expressed in grapevine xylem fluid. It was reported previously that hspA is positively regulated by algU (Shi et al., 2007), which is consistent with our finding of increased expression of both genes in grapevine xylem fluid. In Adenosine triphosphate contrast to most of the differentially expressed genes identified, genes PD1485 and PD0143 had increased expression in citrus xylem fluid, compared with their expression in grapevine xylem fluid. These data indicate that X. fastidiosa metabolic processes might be differentially affected by the xylem fluid of different host plant species. This study has shown that X. fastidiosa aggregation, biofilm formation, and twitching motility were differentially influenced by the xylem fluid of grapevine vs. citrus, and that grapevine xylem fluid stimulated the expression of specific genes predicted to be involved in these functions, likely contributing to PD symptoms in grapevine. The resistance or tolerance of citrus to the PD strain of X.

, 2005). A mutation in fimA (type I pili) resulted in a biofilm-deficient and twitching-enhanced phenotype, which increased X. fastidiosa motility within the xylem vessels of grapevine (Meng et al., 2005). A pilY1 mutant had a twitching-reduced phenotype (Meng et al., 2005). The expression of genes, such as fimT and fimA

encoding type I pili, was increased in grapevine xylem fluid, likely contributing to an enhanced ability to attach and form a biofilm within the xylem vessels of grapevine. The higher find more expression of the type IV pili genes pilI, pilT, pilU, pilY1, pilE, pilG, pilZ, and pilH in grapevine xylem fluid suggested that X. fastidiosa could enhance the migration and colonization of the xylem system of grapevine. In contrast, the lower expression of type IV pili genes in the xylem fluid of citrus (Table 1) suggests that X. fastidiosa remains in relatively few xylem vessels and has less motility within the

xylem system of citrus. These results are consistent with reports that the severity of disease symptoms is positively associated with a higher proportion of X. fastidiosa colonized vessels in coffee and plum, but not in citrus (Alves et al., 2004). The increased expression of secG, a secreted protein in the type II secretion system (Simpson et al., 2000), in grapevine xylem fluid, is consistent

with a role for the type II system in the secretion of important virulence factors, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes (Chatterjee et JAK inhibitor al., 2008). Genes involved in physiological metabolism under stress, such as the heat shock protein genes hspA and clpP, sulfoxide reductase gene msrA, and hypothetical protein genes PD0008, PD1741, and PD2031, were also highly expressed in grapevine xylem fluid. It was reported previously that hspA is positively regulated by algU (Shi et al., 2007), which is consistent with our finding of increased expression of both genes in grapevine xylem fluid. In Ergoloid contrast to most of the differentially expressed genes identified, genes PD1485 and PD0143 had increased expression in citrus xylem fluid, compared with their expression in grapevine xylem fluid. These data indicate that X. fastidiosa metabolic processes might be differentially affected by the xylem fluid of different host plant species. This study has shown that X. fastidiosa aggregation, biofilm formation, and twitching motility were differentially influenced by the xylem fluid of grapevine vs. citrus, and that grapevine xylem fluid stimulated the expression of specific genes predicted to be involved in these functions, likely contributing to PD symptoms in grapevine. The resistance or tolerance of citrus to the PD strain of X.

sanguinis SK36. Almost no CFU of intracellular S. mutans UA159 were counted. As shown in Fig. 2b, S. sanguinis-induced cell death of differentiated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, heat-inactivated bacteria had no cytotoxic effect even at an MOI of 1000, indicating that viable bacterial infection is essential for the induction of macrophage cell death. Culture supernatants of S. sanguinis showed no cytotoxic effect.

In addition, S. mutans had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages. Confocal microscopy revealed that the dead macrophages was surrounded by large numbers of S. sanguinis SK36 (Fig. 3). The dead macrophages showed shrinking nuclear DNA. It is known that Y-27632 price microbial stimulation of macrophages activates protein complexes called inflammasomes (Yu & Finlay, 2008; Schroder & Tschopp, 2010). IL-1β is a representative cytokine associated with selleck compound such activation. Therefore, we examined the secretion of IL-1β in S. sanguinis-infected macrophages and found that live, but not heat-inactivated, S. sanguinis SK36 induced IL-1β production (Fig. 4a). Infection with viable bacteria also induced the production of another inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α (Fig. 4b).

A weak increase of TNF-α production was observed in cells stimulated by killed S. sanguinis at an MOI of 1000. It was also noted that E. coli LPS stimulated production of TNF-α (Fig. 4b), but not that of IL-1β. As the process of IL-1β secretion is reported to be related to ATP leakage in damaged cells (Yu & Finlay, 2008), we measured exogenous ATP in cultures of S. sanguinis-infected macrophages. As shown in Fig. 4c, levels of ATP in culture supernatants of macrophages infected with viable S. sanguinis increased in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of IL-1β and TNF-α were not dose dependent (Fig. 4). In addition, the effect of heat-inactivated bacteria on cytokine production was limited. Next, we determined potential

mediators involved in induction of cell death of differentiated THP-1 macrophages. As ROS were previously shown to contribute to cell death of macrophages (Ott et al., 2007), we investigated the effect of an ROS inhibitor, DPI, on cell death. Infection with S. sanguinis in the presence of isothipendyl DPI resulted in a significant reduction of macrophage cytotoxicity (Fig. 5a), suggesting that ROS are involved in this process. Pathogenic streptococci are reported to induce macrophage cell death through activation of caspase-1 and inflammasomes (Harder et al., 2009). Therefore, we examined the cleavage of caspase-1 using Western blotting under several experimental conditions. However, we could not obtain clear evidence showing the activation of caspase-1 in the infected macrophages (Fig. 5b). These results suggested that the cell death process may be independent of caspase-1 activation. We found that S. sanguinis stimulated foam cell formation of macrophages, suggesting that this oral streptococcus may also contribute to atherosclerosis.

5–4%), but in trials with the discrimination task, distractors increased the production of directional errors from 6 to 12%. Epacadostat molecular weight In trials with the discrimination task and distractors, the proportion of direction errors depended on the timing of the symbol-change relative to the onset of the central arrow cue (the SOA) (z = 2.62, P = 0.01).

In both groups, the proportion of errors declined in trials with longer SOA compared with trials with shorter SOA. Figure 3 shows the proportion of direction errors at each SOA for each group in trials with and without distractors, in each task. For each participant, the magnitude of the effect of the discrimination task on saccade latency was calculated by subtracting their mean saccade latency in No-change trials without the discrimination task, from their mean saccade latency in No-change trials with the discrimination task. Also, for each participant the magnitude of the effect of the peripheral symbol-changes on saccade latency in the trials with the discrimination task was calculated by subtracting their mean saccade latency in

No-change trials from their mean saccade latency in trials with symbol-changes. For participants in the PD group, but not in the control group, the two effects Thiazovivin mouse were negatively associated with each other (r = −0.54 [−0.79, −0.12], P = 0.01). Figure 4 shows that in the PD group, larger latency reductions due to the discrimination task were associated with smaller latency reductions, or even small latency increases due to the symbol-changes. Correct discrimination judgments were made in 71% (control group) and in 70%

(PD group) of all valid trials. In the PD group, but not in the Elongation factor 2 kinase control group, worse performance of the discrimination task was associated with smaller primary saccade gain (r = 0.64 [0.27, 0.84], P = 0.003; see Fig. 5). The performance of the discrimination task was not associated with saccade latencies in either group. As expected, the PD group made voluntary saccades at longer latencies than the control group in a baseline condition. However, this voluntary saccade paradigm revealed two sources of abnormal saccadic facilitation in the PD group. First, when saccades were performed without the discrimination task the peripheral symbol-changes, which occurred during saccade planning, reduced latencies in the PD group but not in the control group. Secondly, when saccades were performed with the discrimination task, the latency reduction was greater in the PD group than in the control group (Fig. 2). The discrimination task increased the saccadic gain in both groups, but saccades in the PD group remained abnormally hypometric in comparison with the control group. When we scan the visual field, detailed visual processing occurs during fixation. During these periods, fixation neurons are active and saccade neurons in the SC are inhibited, preventing eye movements and maintaining fixation until the initiation of the next saccade.

The EACS and BHIVA guidelines have a similar approach in relation to the threshold for screening for risk of fractures. Both recommend that patients should only be considered for screening with DXA scans when there is a significant risk. The BHIVA guidelines

define this as those with an intermediate or high FRAX score, and all men and women over 70 and 65 years of age, respectively. BHIVA guidelines recommend that a 3-yearly assessment of risk factors becomes ABT-199 relevant at 50 years of age or above, and should be additionally performed for this age group before and after the use of ART. EACS guidelines suggest a 2-yearly follow-up in those > 40 years of age, again reserving DXA for those considered to have significant risk. Both guidelines focus on specific time-points relating to HIV therapy: baseline (the point at which the patient engages in care); pre-ART initiation; at ART initiation; on ART (6–12-monthly for most comorbidities, except for bone in which

the gradual nature of the change allows for screening on average every 2–3 years). Regular screening would identify those HIV-infected individuals most at risk of developing metabolic comorbidities and means that appropriate interventions can be initiated to reduce modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle interventions will be adequate for most individuals. Pharmacological management is indicated for the minority, but for these, the potential risk reduction can be large, with a commensurate mitigation of morbidity and mortality. Table 1 summarizes the assessments and treatment recommendations I-BET-762 manufacturer for noninfectious comorbidities in the current EACS guidelines. + + + + + + +/ + + + + Annual 3–12 months + + + + + + Annual 3–12 months Annual + + + + + 6–12 months 2 years As indicated 1–3 years 1–3 years 1–3 years 6 months ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine amino transferase; aMDRD, abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease; ART, antiretroviral therapy; AST, aspartate amino transferase; CKD, chronic

kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DXA, dual energy Ribonuclease T1 X-ray absorptiometry; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBC, full blood count; FRAX, fracture prediction tool; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MSM, men who have sex with men; PI, protease inhibitor; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UP/A, urine protein/albumin ratio; UP/C, urine protein/creatinine ratio. HIV infection may contribute to an increase in cardiovascular risk through several potential mechanisms, including increased systemic inflammation, pro-atherogenic changes in serum lipids, increased systemic hypercoagulability and decreased vascular reactivity [29].

0001). Because CsrA regulation of direct targets occurs post-transcriptionally, it is unlikely that CsrA controls the rate of luxR transcription directly. However, it is possible that CsrA might impact the stability of the luxR mRNA. Several factors are known to directly regulate luxR transcription, including LuxR itself (Dunlap & Ray, 1989; Shadel & Baldwin, 1991; Chatterjee

et al., 1996; Williams et al., 2008). Because LuxR levels are very low in a ∆litR strain, it is considered unlikely that the effect seen in a csrA overexpression strain Dasatinib solubility dmso was because of LuxR autoregulation. Therefore, experiments were performed to probe for interactions between CsrA and the known LuxR regulator cAMP-CRP. Activation of the cAMP-CRP activator by CsrA would result in an increased luxR transcription rate. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on cDNA samples obtained from ES114 (wild type) and Crizotinib order PMF8 (∆litR) strains with pJW3 or pJW4 in 20 nM AHL to examine crp transcript levels. In contrast to the dependence of luxR level on CsrA expression, the quantity of crp transcript did not depend on the expression

level of csrA or on strain (P > 0.14) (data not shown). Finally, in an effort to rule out any influence of cAMP levels on the increase in luminescence seen between PMF8 (pJW4) and PMF8 (pJW3), the luminescence experiment (Fig. 3a and b) was repeated with 5 mM exogenous cAMP (Fig. 5a and b). If cya activity were in some way being positively affected Protein kinase N1 by CsrA, then addition of high levels of cAMP would be predicted to make luminescence output in PMF8 CsrA-independent. A relatively high concentration of cAMP was chosen because V. fischeri is capable of metabolizing cAMP, and it therefore needed to be provided in excess to ensure that there was enough to generate a response. When 5 mM cAMP was added to the growth medium, the luminescence levels did increase for both the wild-type and PMF8 strains

(compare Figs 3a and b–5a and b). However, the degree of change in luminescence between PMF8 (pJW3) and PMF8 (pJW4) was the same for each strain whether the concentration of cAMP was 0 (Fig. 3b) or 5 mM (Fig. 5b). Hence, it can be concluded that regulation of cAMP levels did not produce the CsrA-dependent observed effects on luxR transcription. All of the above experiments were performed simultaneously using both factorial design and standard laboratory design of at least two independent experiments with samples analyzed in triplicate. This enabled for a direct comparison of the analysis of the data via these two methods. Factorial design is a standard method of experimental design and data analysis (for example, see Box et al., 1978; Montgomery, 1997) widely used in agricultural and industrial research and development. It provides significant enhancement of statistical power vs. standard experimental designs, to identify subtle interactions between various regulatory elements.

borkumensis SK2. This research was supported by a grant from the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) in the frame of the GenoMik network ‘Genome Research on Bacteria Relevant for Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology’ and by a short-term fellowship from the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) (ASTF 354-2006). Table S1. Other cellular functions. Table S2. Hypothetical proteins with predicted and unknown functions. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting

materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“Deoxyribonucleoside kinases Z-VAD-FMK solubility dmso (dNKs) are essential in the mammalian cell but their ‘importance’ in bacteria, especially aquatic ones, is less clear. We studied two aquatic bacteria, Gram-negative Flavobacterium psychrophilum JIP02/86 and Polaribacter sp. MED152, for their ability to salvage deoxyribonucleosides (dNs). Both had a Gram-positive-type thymidine kinase (TK1), which could phosphorylate thymidine, and one non-TK1 dNK, which could efficiently phosphorylate deoxyadenosine and slightly also deoxycytosine. Surprisingly, the four tested dNKs could not phosphorylate deoxyguanosine, and apparently, these two bacteria are missing this activity. When tens of available aquatic bacteria genomes were examined for the presence of dNKs,

a majority had at least a TK1-like gene, but several lacked any dNKs. Apparently, among aquatic bacteria, the role of the buy GSK3235025 dN salvage varies. Deoxyribonucleotides are the building blocks for the synthesis or repair of the genetic material (Eriksson et al., 2002). In the animal cell, deoxyribonucleosides are provided through the de novo biosynthesis and salvage, and

both pathways are essential. In the salvage pathway, the phosphorylation of deoxyribonucleosides (dNs) into dN monophosphates (dNMP) is the first step and considered as the bottle-neck. A phosphate group is transferred from a phosphate donor, usually a nucleoside triphosphate, like ATP, to the 5′-hydroxygroup of the dN substrate (Eriksson et al., 2002) by deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs). Two superfamilies of dNKs exist, the thymidine kinase 1 (TK1-like) and the non-TK1-like family (Sandrini & Piškur, 2005). TK1s are specific only for thymidine (dT) and deoxyuridine Baf-A1 cell line (dU), while the dNKs of the non-TK1-like family are rather unspecific compared to the TK1s, typically phosphorylating one or several of the native dNs (Eriksson et al., 2002; Sandrini & Piškur, 2005). However, the level of amino acid identity to the already characterized dNKs is still not a sufficient parameter to predict the substrate specificity of new dNKs. In mammals, four essential dNKs can be found, while in bacteria so far it has been thought that Gram-negative bacteria have only one dNK, TK1, while Gram-positive bacteria seem to have several dNKs (Sandrini et al., 2007a,b).

A.N.T. was supported by UNAB Grant DI-05/I (Chile). “
“In our recent screen for soil-induced genes, the expression of andA operon (andAcAdAbAa) for anthranilate catabolism in Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 see more was found to increase dramatically in a soil sample (Nishiyama et al., Environ Microbiol 12: 2539, 2010). The operon was preceded by andR encoding a putative transcriptional regulator

for the andA operon. In this study, the andA promoter was induced by tryptophan and anthranilate in an andR-dependent manner. The andA promoter in a deletion mutant lacking tryptophan dioxygenase (one of enzymes for the catabolism of tryptophan to anthranilate) did not respond to tryptophan, indicating that not tryptophan but anthranilate is the effector of AndR. Although both anthranilate and tryptophan were under the detection levels in the soil sample, andA promoter showed higher activity in

the soil sample than in a laboratory medium. Such induction required andR and was moderately dependent on the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The proliferation ability of andAc mutant in the this website sterile soil was low compared with the co-incubated wild-type cells. These findings suggested that in the soil environment, anthranilate dioxygenase genes are induced by AndR and Fur, and play a pivotal role in the proliferation in the soil environment. Knowledge of bacterial genes and their functions has been obtained mostly by analyses utilizing Lepirudin laboratory media. The application of methods specifically designed to analyze the activity of bacteria in the natural environments is expected to increase our knowledge. The two methods, signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) and in vivo expression technology (IVET; Handfield & Levesque, 1999; Rainey & Preston, 2000; Rediers et al., 2005), have been attracting attentions because these methods were expected to identify bacterial genes that function in natural environments, such as plant rhizosphere, surface and internal parts of plants and animals, and soils (Rainey, 1999; Rediers et al., 2003; Brown &

Allen, 2004; Silby & Levy, 2004; Lombardo et al., 2007; Shalom et al., 2007; Barr et al., 2008). These methods identified genomic loci that are potentially important for the growth and survival in such environments, but the characterization of the identified loci with respect to the encoded function as well as the assessment of their importance in such environments is needed to establish their roles. Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 is a beta-proteobacterial strain isolated from a soil sample after anthranilate enrichment (Stanier et al., 1966). This strain is capable of assimilating wide range of compounds (Stanier et al., 1966) and therefore might have important role in the carbon cycling in the soil.