Methods Selection criteria for subjects and sample collection Subjects from two healthy Indian joint-middle class families with similar eating habits comprising of three successive generations staying under one roof and with no history of gastrointestinal diseases, no genetic disorders and no antibiotics consumed in the past six months were selected. Age of individuals in Family S was S1 (26 years), S2 (8 months), and S3 (56 years) and in family T was T1 (14 years), T2 (42 years),

and T3 (62 years). Stool samples were collected in a sterile N2 flushed bottles on the same day from each individual within a family and within 2 hours were transported to laboratory. Samples of family S were processed for isolation of strict anaerobes and Veliparib remaining samples from both the families were frozen at −70°C for further molecular analysis. All the experiments were carried out with approval from Institutional (NCCS, Pune) Ethical Committee. A written informed consent was obtained from the subjects, in case of children written consent was obtained from their parents. Isolation of strict anaerobes Three samples from family S were processed for isolation study. Each sample was serially diluted in pre-reduced sterile phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) find more 0.3 g, K2HPO4, 0.18 g, KH2 PO4 , 0.45 g, NaCl, 0.46 g, (NH 4) 2SO4 ,

0.05 g, CaCl2 , 0.09 g, Mg2 SO4 ; H2O, 0.001 g, resazurin,

0.5 g, L- cysteine HCl; H2O and observed under phase contrast microscope (Nikon Eclipse 80i, Japan) in order to obtain morphological details and density of bacteria (cells ml-1). Serial dilutions were carried and 0.1 ml of each dilution from 10-5 to 10-8 of the fresh sample were placed on the pre-reduced medium agar plates in an Urease anaerobic chamber (Anaerobic system 1029, Forma Scientific Inc., USA) with gas phase of N2:H2:CO2 (85:10:5). The plates were incubated at 37°C in built-in incubator in the anaerobic chamber. Two non-selective media namely Peptone Yeast Extract Glucose (PYG), Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) (OXOID LTD., England) and one selective medium namely Bile Esculin (BE) were used for the isolation. Enrichments were set up for all fecal samples in PYG, BHI and BE medium to culture bacteria present in low numbers in the feces. One gram of fecal sample was suspended in 9 ml pre-reduced sterile broth. After consecutive transfers to enrich different bacteria, the enrichment cultures were serially diluted up to 10-8. The last four dilutions were placed on the pre-reduced respective medium agar plates under anaerobic conditions and were kept for incubation at 37°C. Direct isolation and enrichment plates were incubated for 5 days and well grown morphologically different colonies were picked after every 24 h during the 5 days incubation.

The insertion region was confirmed by restriction

digest and sequencing. Ultimately, pEC2 was transformed into chemically competent AJW678. Bacterial strains PCI-32765 mw were stored at −80°C in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Before use, the bacterial strains were streaked onto LB (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl) agar plates and incubated overnight at 37°C. From the plates, cultures were inoculated into liquid tryptone broth (TB, 1% tryptone, 0.5% NaCl) and grown overnight at 37°C. For bacterial strains containing pPS71, 25 μg/ml of kanamycin were added to the bacterial growth medium. For pEC2, 50 μg/ml of kanamycin were added. For pKK12, 50 μg/ml of chloramphenicol were added. Temporal and spatial expression of flhD, ompR, and rcsB E. coli strains were grown in TB overnight at 37°C. 1 ml of each culture was injected into one channel of a 3 channel flow cell (Stovall, Greensboro NC) with a syringe as described [8]. The flow cell was incubated at room temperature for one

hour without any media flow. After that, TB was pumped selleckchem by an Isma Tec Low Flow High Accuracy Peristaltic Pump (Stovall) into the flow cell at 1 ml/min, equaling 0.33 ml/min per channel. For temporal expression experiments, the flow cell was disconnected after a maximum of 62 h. For spatial expression experiments, the flow cell was disconnected at time points of interest. Each of the investigated bacterial strains was processed at least three times for both temporal and spatial experiments. The flow cell system was kept free of air bubbles by the

bubble trap that is part of the Stovall system. We used a Zeiss Axio Imager M2 upright fluorescence microscope with ApoTome2 (Zeiss Microimaging, Thornwood NY) to detect the fluorescence signals coming from the promoter::gfp fusions. The Zeiss Axio Imager M2 microscope is equipped with a 100×/1.40 oil Paln-Apochromat objective, a Colibri2 higher Sinomenine power LED light source, and a high-resolution monochrome camera for optimal illumination and imaging. For the temporal experiment, fluorescence images were taken at appropriate time points. For the spatial experiments, 20 z-stacking images were taken at one or two time points, separately for fluorescence and bright field. Due to the objective working distance limit, z-sections could be effectively imaged across 8 μm in depth. In cases where biofilms were thicker than 8 μm on some areas of the slides, we selected areas of the biofilm that were consistent with the limitation of the objective. The intensities of the fluorescence signals from aceK::gfp and from flhD::gfp in the ompR and rcsB mutants turned out to be much higher than those from the remaining strains and fusions. For this reason, we performed microscopy for BP1437 at 5% of the available excitation light and for BP1531 and BP1532 at 10%. For BP1470, BP1432, and BP1462, we used 90% of the available excitation light.

After baseline testing, subjects were assigned randomly in a double blind manner to one of two groups: 4 g/d of Safflower Oil (SO) or 4 g/d of FO supplying 1,600 mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 800 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). All tests were repeated following 6wk of treatment. A treatment by time, repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate Selleck Volasertib differences between groups over time, and a standard Pearson’s r was used to evaluate correlations. Additionally, within group pre-post differences were evaluated using a repeated measures t-test. For

all analysis, the alpha level was set at p<0.05. Results Compared to the SO group, there was a significant decrease in urinary creatinine corrected NTx excretion following FO treatment (SO AP24534 concentration = 17.5 ± 42.9 BCE/mM;

FO = -11.3 ± 27.7 BCE/mM; p=0.02). There was also a tendency for urinary creatinine corrected IL-6 excretion (SO = -0.08 ± 1.18pg/mg; FO = -1.8 ± 3.8 pg/mg; p=0.08), and salivary cortisol (SO = 0.029±0.283 µg/dL; FO = -0.069 ± 0.144 µg/dL; p=0.13) to decrease following FO treatment.When analyzed independently, however, there was a significant pre-post reduction for salivary cortisol in the FO group (p=0.04), with no change in the SO group (p=0.68), as well as a significant reduction pre-post for urinary IL-6 in the FO group (p=0.05), with no change in the SO group (p=0.78). However, the change in urinary NTx concentrationwas not related to the change

insalivary cortisol concentration(r=-0.017, p=0.9), or the change in urinary IL-6 concentration (r=-0.323, p=0.26). Conclusions Six weeks of supplementation with FO in adults significantly decreased urinary NTx excretion, Thymidine kinase but this change was not related to changes in cortisol or IL-6. Funding Gettysburg College Research and Professional Development Grant and Genuine Health Corporation.”
“Background Volleyball is a physically demanding sport and success is based on aspects speed, power, agility, endurance, rapid processing and focus. Nutrition plays a significant role in maximizing performance and volleyball athletes need to be well-informed. Meanwhile, players can be self-conscious of body size and appearance especially in lieu of body contour revealing uniforms. At this time research-based information of this athletic population with regard to body composition, nutrition intake, habits and perceptions is limited and was studied. Methods Twelve Division I women volleyball players aged 18.33±2.9 with 8.8±1.9 years of competitive volleyball experience participated in a study to assess body weight, composition and self-image as well as nutrition knowledge, perceptions, information resources and intake. Body composition was assessed using BOD POD (Life Measurement, Inc) and a 50-question survey was administered including questions addressing nutrition habits, perceptions and knowledge as well as self-image.

Fig. 1 Compromised hBD-2 function in the CF lung promotes chronic

pulmonary infection by the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa Acknowledgments https://www.selleckchem.com/products/apo866-fk866.html This project was funded by an Undergraduate Student Research Award from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Dalcin is the guarantor for this article, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole. Conflict of interest Dalcin and Dr Ulanova declare no conflict of interest. Compliance with ethics The analysis in this article is based on previously conducted studies, and does not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Bals R, Weiner DJ, Wilson JM. The innate immune system in cystic fibrosis lung disease. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:303–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 2. Dodge JA, Morison S, Lewis PA, et al. Incidence, population, and survival of cystic fibrosis in the UK, 1968–95. Arch Dis Child. 1997;77:493–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 3. Rommens JM, Lannuzzi MC, Kerem B, et al. Identification

of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science. 1989;245:1059–65.PubMedCrossRef

4. Bobadilla JL, Macek www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html M, Fine JP, Farrell PM. Cystic fibrosis: a worldwide analysis of CFTR mutations—correlation with incidence data and application to screening. Hum Mutat. 2002;19:575–606.PubMedCrossRef 5. Zhou Y, Song K, Painter RG, et al. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory recruitment to phagosomes in neutrophils. J Innate Immun. 2013;5:219–30.PubMedCrossRef 6. Knowles M, Gatzy J, Boucher R. Increased bioelectric potential difference across respiratory epithelia in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1489–95.PubMedCrossRef 7. Rajan S, Saiman L. Pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2002;17:47–56.PubMedCrossRef 8. Hoiby N, Frederiksen B. Microbiology of MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit cystic fibrosis. In: Hodson ME, Geddes DM, editors. Cystic Fibrosis. London: Arnold; 2000, p. 83–107. 9. Emerson J, Rosenfeld M, McNamara S, Ramsey B, Gibson RL. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other predictors of mortality and morbidity in young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;34:91–100.PubMedCrossRef 10. Hancock RE. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:93–9.CrossRef 11. Stover CK, Pham XQ, Erwin AL, et al. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature. 2000;406:959–64.PubMedCrossRef 12. Oliver A, Canton R, Campo P, Baquero F, Blazquez J.

In contrast to the effect of COX-2 on angiogenesis, the

effects on lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis remain poorly understood. Recently, some studies have found that COX-2 expression is highly correlated with lymph node metastasis [20, 21]. Several lines of experimental evidence have shown that COX-2 might stimulate VEGFR-3 to promote lymphangiogenesis by up-regulating VEGF-C in breast and lung cancer cells [22, 23]. However, the role of COX-2 in lymphangiogenesis of gastric carcinoma remains unclear. Using immunohistochemistry, our study aimed to detect the expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C protein and the levels of lymphatic vessel density Selleckchem GDC-0980 (LVD) in human gastric cancer and analyze their correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Methods Patients and specimens Fifty-six patients with

histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma and who underwent radical gastrectomy Vismodegib at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China between January 2001 and October 2002, were included in the present investigation. In this investigation, paracancerous normal mucosal tissues from 25 patients were collected as a control. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were excluded. TNM staging was carried out according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification, and historical grading was performed according to WHO criteria. Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed surgical specimens were prepared and collected for immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining Specimens were immunostained with the standard labeled streptavidin-biotin protocol. Briefly, after deparaffinization and antigen retrieval, 4-μm tissue sections were incubated with COX-2 antibodies (monoclonal rabbit anti-human, 1:100, Goldenbridge Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China) and VEGF-C antibodies (polyclonal rabbit anti-human, 1:100, Goldenbridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd) at 37°C for 1 h then at 4°C overnight. The sections were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (1:200, Zymed Laboratories Inc, USA) and subsequently incubated with horseradish

labeled streptavidin Cobimetinib in vivo (1:200, Zymed Laboratories Inc). 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine was used as a chromogen and hematoxylin as a counterstain. For the staining of lymphatic vessels, a rabbit anti-human D2-40 polyclonal antibody (rabbit polyclonal, Dako Denmark A/S Co., Denmark) was used. The procedure for immunohistochemical staining of D2-40 is similar to that of the COX-2 staining at a dilution of 1:100. Evaluation of immunohistochemical staining The immunohistochemical score (IHS) based on the German immunoreactive score was used for COX-2 and VEGF-C immunohistochemical evaluation [24]. The IHS is calculated by combining the quantity score (percentage of positive stained cells) with the staining intensity score. The quantity score ranges from 0 to 4, i.e.

Indeed, the initial 14-17% rate reported in the ECOG-2100 trial should be carefully evaluated, given the adoption of paclitaxel on a weekly basis (with its steroid pre-medication) could have biased the specific toxicity rate. The other significant toxicities seem to occur rarely, and in particular those toxicities supposed to be bevacizumab-related (i.e. proteinuria, bleeding) require https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html 175-250 patients to be treated for one to be harmed. From a very practical perspective, in order to weight the relative severities of positive and negative events, breast cancer patients receiving bevacizumab in addition to

chemotherapy have ‘likelihood to be helped and harmed’ (LHH) of 2-20 [36]; that means that patients receiving bevacizumab are from 2 to 20 times more likely to be helped than armed. Recently, other anti-angiogenesis drugs have been studied in randomized trials for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer [37–39]. In the SOLTI-0701 study, patients randomized to the combination of sorafenib and capecitabine showed a median PFS of 6.4 months, compared to the 4.1 months achieved by the patients who received capecitabine alone (HR 0.58, p = buy Crizotinib 0.0006)

[38], although with a higher incidence of serious adverse events (hand-foot syndrome 45% versus 13%). A further randomized phase II study evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of sorafenib in addition to paclitaxel Adenosine triphosphate compared to paclitaxel plus placebo in patients untreated for metastatic disease, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in PFS, TTP and responses [39]. Also for the first line treatment, the first analysis of a 3-arm randomized trial comparing paclitaxel plus placebo or bevacizumab or motesanib (small molecule inhibitor of

VEGF tyrosine kinase) has been recently presented, with a median follow up of 10 months [40]. No significant differences in the primary objective of the study (the response rate), were found between the three arms, at the expense of a higher grade 3 and 4 incidence of neutropenia, hepato-biliary and gastrointestinal toxicity for patients receiving motesanib. For the second line setting of HER-2 negative patients, a recent trial randomizing patients between capecitabine and sunitinib, did not show any PFS superiority of the tyrosine kinase over capecitabine [37]. More concerning data with regard to the overall safety profile of bevacizumab have been recently released [41, 42]: in the context of a literature based meta-analysis evaluating the addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy or biologics accruing data of more than 10,000 patients regardless of the cancer type, the rate of treatment-related mortality was significantly higher in the experimental arm [41, 43].

Of these, OTU-3 (affiliated with Clostridium hiranonis TO-931T) accounted for 13.6% and 39.4% of all clones in CL-B1 and CL-B2, respectively. Followed by OTU-7 (affiliated with Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149T) representing 19.6% and 5.7% of all sequences in CL-B1 and CL-B2, respectively (Table  1). On top of the five common OTUs, CL-B2 harbored eight unique OTUs within the family Clostridiaceae compared to one unique OTU (OTU-21) for CL-B1. Other shared families within the phylum Firmicutes were the Peptococcaceae,

Eubacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and unclassified Clostridiales. All of these consisted of common OTUs with the exception of the Lachnospiraceae family that also comprised a single clone of OTU-40 in CL-B2. However, the phylogenetic position of OTU-40 displayed 8% nucleotide divergence with the closest type strain, Cellulosilyticum ruminicola H1T. In the Proteobacteria, only the family Enterobacteriaceae www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html was represented with a single common OTU-14 (affiliated with Shigella flexneri ATCC 29903T), which harbored a minority population CP-690550 supplier of three clones. The phylum Actinobacteria was represented by two common OTUs (OTU-17 and OTU-18) that were phylogenetically related to the Coriobacteriaceae. Comparison with available 16S rRNA sequences from captive cheetahs Our dataset of 702 quality-checked sequences was compared

with 597 full-length 16S RNA gene sequences retrieved from a large comparative microbiome study of Ley and co-workers [35] in which one faecal sample each of two captive cheetahs from

Saint Louis Zoo (St Louis, Missouri, USA) were included. Despite differences in sequence number and sequence length, both datasets were compared with Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) taxonomic RDP annotation. In line with the present study, Bacteroidetes represented only a very marginal share (i.e. 1.3%) in Ley et al.’s dataset. At family level, the dominance of Clostridiaceae (16.5%) and Ruminococcaceae (4.0%) members was also confirmed. The share of Peptococcaceae (1.7%) and the unclassified Clostridiales Incertae Sedis (0.8%) in Ley et al.’s dataset was considerably lower compared to our dataset (5% and 18%, respectively). Two other bacterial families, also represented in the dataset of this study, made up a big part of Ley et al.’s dataset, Peptostreptococcaceae (13%) and Lachnospiraceae (11%). Taken together, only the Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families were common to the faecal microbiota of all four cheetahs included in these two studies. Discussion This study set out to determine the predominant faecal microbial communities of captive cheetahs using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. At the onset of the study, only two animals with well-documented dietary and health records and housed according to EAZA standards were available for this study in Flanders, Belgium. Phylogenetic analysis of the pooled library set revealed a highly complex microbiota covering a broad phylogenetic spectrum.

RK and EK performed the experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Plant growth is influenced by the presence of bacteria and fungi, and their interactions are particularly common in the rhizospheres of plants with high relative densities of microbes [1]. Pro- and eukaryotic microorganisms compete for simple selleck chemicals llc plant-derived substrates and have thus developed antagonistic strategies. Bacteria have found niches with respect to the utilization of fungal-derived substrates as well, with their nutritional

strategies ranging from hyphal exudate consumption to endosymbiosis and mycophagy [2, 3]. Current applications related to bacterial-fungal interactions include biocontrol of fungal plant diseases [4] and controlled stimulation of mycorrhizal infection [5]. Better insight into the co-existence mechanisms of soil

bacteria and fungi is crucial in order to improve existing applications and to invent new ones. Abundant in the rhizospheres of plants, the streptomycetes are best known for their capacity to control plant diseases (reviewed by [6, 7]). The fact that many streptomycetes are able to produce antifungal compounds indicates that they may be competitors of fungi. Direct inhibition of fungal parasites may lead to plant protection and is often based on antifungal secondary metabolites [8, 9]. In parallel to antibiotics, the streptomycetes produce a repertoire of other small molecules, including for instance root growth-inducing

auxins [10] BGB324 mouse and iron acquisition-facilitating siderophores [11]. Ectomycorrhiza formation between filamentous fungi and forest tree roots is crucial to satisfying the nutritional needs of forest trees [12]. The ectomycorrhizas (EM) and the symbiotic fungal mycelia, the mycorrhizosphere, are associated with diverse bacterial communities. Until now, studies on the functional significance of EM associated bacteria have been rare [13–15]. Nevertheless, diverse roles have been implicated for these bacteria, including stimulation of EM formation, improved nutrient acquisition and participation in plant protection (reviewed in [5]). An important question to be addressed with EM associated bacteria is whether there is a specific selection for particular bacterial strains by mycorrhizas, since this would indicate an established association between the bacteria, Cell press the EM fungus, and/or the plant root. Frey-Klett et al. [13] observed such interdependency: the community of fluorescent pseudomonads from EM with the fungus Laccaria bicolor was more antagonistic against plant pathogenic fungi than the bulk soil community. This suggested that mycorrhiza formation does select for antifungal compound-producing pseudomonads from the soil. Moreover, these bacteria were not particularly inhibitory to ectomycorrhiza formation with L. bicolor, indicating some form of adaptation of this ectomycorrhizal fungus to the Pseudomonas community.

Microb Pathog 2004, 36:25–33.PubMedCrossRef 42. Smith AL, Smith DH, Averill DR Jr, Marino J, Moxon ER: Production of Haemophilus influenza e b meningitis in infant rats by intraperitoneal inoculation. Infect Immun 1973, 8:278–290.PubMed 43. Seale TW, Morton DJ, Whitby PW, Wolf R, Kosanke SD, VanWagoner TM, Stull TL: Complex Role of Hemoglobin and Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin Binding selleck chemicals Proteins in Haemophilus influenzae Virulence

in the Infant Rat Model of Invasive Infection. Infect Immun 2006, 74:6213–6225.PubMedCrossRef 44. Nielsen JS, Boggild A, Andersen CB, Nielsen G, Boysen A, Brodersen DE, Valentin-Hansen P: An Hfq-like protein in archaea: crystal structure and functional characterization of the Sm protein from Methanococcus jannaschii . RNA 2007, 13:2213–2223.PubMedCrossRef 45. Olsen AS, Møller-Jensen J, Brennan RG, Valentin-Hansen P: C-Terminally Truncated Derivatives of Escherichia coli Hfq Are Proficient in Riboregulation. J Mol Biol 2010, 404:173–182.PubMedCrossRef 46. Morton DJ, Hempel RJ, Seale

TW, Whitby PW, Stull TL: A functional tonB gene is required for both virulence and competitive fitness in a chinchilla model of Haemophilus influenzae otitis media. BMC Res Notes 2012, 5:327.PubMedCrossRef 47. Tsao D, Nelson KL, Kim D, Smith AL: Infant rat infection modifies phenotypic properties of an invasive nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Microbes Infect 2012, 14:509–516.PubMedCrossRef 48. Mason KM, Munson RS Jr, Bakaletz LO: A mutation in the sap operon attenuates survival of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Ixazomib research buy in a chinchilla model of otitis media. Infect Immun 2005, 73:599–608.PubMedCrossRef 49. St Geme JW 3rd: Molecular and cellular determinants of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae adherence and invasion. Cell Microbiol 2002, 4:191–200.PubMedCrossRef 50. Wilcox KW, Smith HO: Isolation and characterization of mutants of Haemophilus influenzae deficient in an adenosine 5′-triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity. J Bacteriol PLEK2 1975, 122:443–453.PubMed

51. Chambers JR, Bender KS: The RNA Chaperone Hfq Is Important for Growth and Stress Tolerance in Francisella novicida . PLoS One 2011, 6:e19797.PubMedCrossRef 52. Tsui HC, Leung HC, Winkler ME: Characterization of broadly pleiotropic phenotypes caused by an hfq insertion mutation in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Microbiol 1994, 13:35–49.PubMedCrossRef 53. Sousa SA, Ramos CG, Moreira LM, Leitao JH: The hfq gene is required for stress resistance and full virulence of Burkholderia cepacia to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Microbiology 2010, 156:896–908.PubMedCrossRef 54. Vecerek B, Moll I, Afonyushkin T, Kaberdin V, Blasi U: Interaction of the RNA chaperone Hfq with mRNAs: direct and indirect roles of Hfq in iron metabolism of Escherichia coli . Mol Microbiol 2003, 50:897–909.PubMedCrossRef 55.

Nomenclature of species followed IPNI (2009). Designation of taxa to families followed Stevens (2001 onwards). Out of 1288 investigated tree individuals, 1238 were identified to species (including 272 individuals of Myrtaceae assigned to morpho-species), 31 to genus level, 10 to family level. Only 9 individuals remained unidentified and were excluded from further analyses. Stand structural analysis Significant differences in individual-based traits (canopy height based on trees ≥20 cm d.b.h., tree height and d.b.h. based on trees ≥10 cm d.b.h.) between PXD101 the four plots were tested

with the nonparametric Behrens–Fisher test for multiple comparisons (Munzel and Hothorn 2001) and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the comparison of two samples using the npmc and base packages in the R 2.11.1 software (R Development Core Team 2010). Tree diversity analysis Tree inventory data were analysed for large trees (≥10 cm d.b.h.) and all trees (≥2 cm d.b.h.), and were

related to the size of 1 ha plots. The Talazoparib ic50 estimation of the number of tree species ha−1 involved sample-based rarefaction analysis (MaoTau = expected species accumulation curves, randomised by samples without replacement, 999 Monte Carlo permutations) based on the species recorded in 0.01 ha sub-plots per site, and was computed using EstimateS version 8 (Colwell 2006) followed by regression analysis for the extrapolation to a 1 ha area. On the family level, stem density ha−1 (based on the enumeration of individuals) and basal area ha−1 (based on the d.b.h. measured) were calculated. The family importance value (Mori et al. 1983) was used to assess the contribution of each family to the stand. FIV combines relative richness (number of species), relative density (number of individuals) and relative dominance (basal area) into one value. Similarity of the 4 plots was analysed for the presence/absence data using the VEGDIST and ADONIS functions of the vegan

package in the R software. Families and plots in the FIV table were sorted by indirect gradient analysis (Detrended correspondence analysis, DCA) using the Canoco 4.5 package (ter Neratinib order Braak and Šmilauer 2002). Phytogeographical pattern analysis Phytogeographical pattern analysis followed the division of Malesia into nine major regions (Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Papuasia with New Guinea at its core), supplemented by records from outside Malesia (Indo–China, and Australia including the Oceanic islands), using the phytogeographical concept of regions and their subdivisions of Brummitt (2001). The designation of new records for Sulawesi or Central Sulawesi were based on comparison with the Checklist of woody plants of Sulawesi (Keßler et al. 2002) and Culmsee and Pitopang (2009).