Conclusions We have demonstrated a straightforward and efficient bottom-up nanofabrication for growing massively parallel arrays of highly periodic CeSi x NWs on a single-domain Si(110)-16 × 2 surface with atomic precision. Three different types of massively parallel arrays, consisting of periodic and atomically identical CeSi x NWs, are self-organized on the Si(110) surface at three Ce coverages of 3, 6 and 9 ML. The STM results show that the Si pentagon pairs serve as reactive nuclei for NW growth and account for the alignment of CeSi #P5091 order randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# x NWs on the periodic terraces of Si(110) surfaces. The self-organization mechanism of periodic CeSi x NWs on Si(110) surfaces

at different growth stages is presented. This natural template-directed self-organization of parallel CeSi x NW arrays on Si(110) surfaces does not require an anisotropic lattice mismatch and can be applied to other RE metals. At the first growth stage, each 3-NW comprises double bead chains on two sides, separated by a bean chain. At the second growth stage, all periodic 6-NWs consist of double nonequivalent zigzag chains. At the third growth stage, parallel-aligned CDK inhibitor 9-NWs are composed of a bundle of double nonequivalent zigzag chains at

two sides and one linear row in between. During the various growth stages, the interchain coupling result in the formation of different registry-aligned chains bundled within the individual CeSi x NW. A variety of CeSi x NWs with different chain bundles provides an opportunity for tailoring exotic electronic properties. The ability to precisely control the feature size and positions of periodic CeSi x NWs within ±0.2 nm over a large area allows for wafer-scale integration into nanoelectronic devices. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant no. 100-2112-M-415-003-MY3. References 1. Deshpande these VV, Bockrath M, Glazman LI, Yacoby A: Electron liquids and solids

in one dimension. Nature 2010, 464:209.CrossRef 2. Barke I, Bennewitz R, Crain JN, Erwin SC, Kirakosian A, McChesney JL, Himpsel FJ: Low-dimensional electron gas at semiconductor surfaces. Solid State Commun 2007, 142:617.CrossRef 3. Iancu V, Kent PRC, Hus S, Hu H, Zeng CG, Weitering HH: Structure and growth of quasi one-dimensional YSi 2 nanophases on Si(100). J Phys Condens Matter 2013, 25:014011.CrossRef 4. Yeom HW, Kim YK, Lee EY, Ryang KD, Kang PG: Robust one-dimensional metallic band structure of silicide nanowires. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 95:205504.CrossRef 5. Chen Y, Ohlberg DAA, Williams RS: Nanowires of four epitaxial hexagonal silicides grown on Si(001). J Appl Phys 2002, 91:3213.CrossRef 6. Preinesberger C, Pruskil G, Becker SK, Dähne M, Vyalikh DV, Molodtsov SL, Laubschat C, Schiller F: Structure and electronic properties of dysprosium silicide nanowires on vicinal Si(001). Appl Phys Lett 2005, 87:083107.CrossRef 7.

Monteleone G, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Palmieri G, Vavassori P, Monteleone I, Colantoni A, Battista S, Spagnoli LG, Romano M, Borrelli M, MacDonald TT, Pallone F: Induction and regulation of Smad7 in the gastric mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2004, 126:674–682.PubMedCrossRef 27. Li Z, Li J: Local expressions of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta1RI, CTGF, and Smad-7 in Helicobacter pylori -associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006, 41:1007–1012.PubMedCrossRef 28. Sheu SM, Sheu BS, Yang HB, Li C, Chu TC, Wu JJ: Presence of iceA1 but not cagA, cagC, cagE, cagF, cagN, cagT, or orf13 genes of Helicobacter pylori is associated with more severe gastric inflammation in Taiwanese. J Formos Med Assoc

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29. Sheu BS, Sheu SM, Yang HB, Huang AH, Wu JJ: Host gastric Lewis expression determines the bacterial density of Helicobacter pylori in babA2 genopositive infection. Gut 2003, VS-4718 52:927–932.PubMedCrossRef 30. Fujii T, Ohtsuka Y, Lee T, Kudo T, Shoji H, Sato H, Nagata S, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y: Bifidobacterium breve enhances transforming growth factor β1 signaling by regulating smad7 expression in preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006, 43:83–88.PubMedCrossRef 31. Handisurya A, Steiner GE, Stix U, Ecker RC, Autophagy high throughput screening Pfaffeneder-Mantai S, Langer D, Kramer G, Memaran-Dadgar N, Marberger M: Differential expression of interleukin-15, a pro-inflammatory cytokine and t-cell growth factor, and its receptor in human prostate. Prostate 2001, 49:251–262.PubMedCrossRef 32. Dimberg A, Nilsson K, Öberg F: Phosphorylation-deficient Stat1 inhibits retinoic acid-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest in U-937 monoblasts. Blood 2000, 96:2870–2878.PubMed 33. Kim JM, Cho SJ, Oh YK, Jung HY, Kim YJ, Kim N: Nuclear factor-kappa B Selleckchem OICR-9429 activation pathway in intestinal epithelial cells is a major regulator of chemokine gene expression and neutrophil migration

induced by Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin. Clin Exp Immunol 2002, 130:59–66.PubMedCrossRef 34. Moon PD, Jeong HJ, Um JY, Kim HM, Hong SH: LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production was inhibited by Hyungbangjihwangtang through blockade of NFkappaB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int J Neurosci 2007, 117:1315–1329.PubMedCrossRef 35. McCarthy J, O’Mahony L, O’Callaghan L, Sheil B, Vaughan EE, Fitzsimons N, Fitzgibbon Oxymatrine J, O’Sullivan GC, Kiely B, Collins JK, Shanahan F: Double-blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokines. Gut 2003, 52:975–980.PubMedCrossRef 36. Monteleone G, Pallone F, MacDonald TT: Smad7 in TGF-beta-mediated negative regulation of gut inflammation. Trends Immunol 2004, 25:513–517.PubMedCrossRef 37. Monteleone G, Kumberova A, Croft NM, McKenzie C, Steer HW, MacDonald TT: Blocking Smad7 restores TGF-beta1 signaling in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2001, 108:601–609.PubMed 38.

Appl Environ Microbiol 2012, 78:5956–5961.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral 19. Li Y, Zhang B, Chen X, Cao Y: Improvement of Aspergillus sulphureus endo-β-1,4-xylanase expression in Pichia pastoris by codon optimization and analysis of the enzymic characterizationl. Appl Biochem Biotech 2010, 160:1321–1331.CrossRef 20. Hassan M, Kjos M, Nes I, Diep D, Lotfipour F: Natural

antimicrobial peptides from bacteria: characteristics and potential applications to fight against antibiotic resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2012, 113:723–736.PubMedCrossRef 21. Franz CM, Van Belkum MJ, Holzapfel WH, Abriouel H, Galvez A: Diversity of enterococcal CHIR-99021 research buy bacteriocins and their grouping in a new classification scheme. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007, 31:293–310.PubMedCrossRef 22. Martínez JM, Kok J, Sanders JW, Hernández PE: Heterologous coproduction of enterocin A and pediocin PA-1 by Lactococcus lactis : detection by specific peptide-directed antibodies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:3543–3549.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral 23. Klocke M, Mundt K, Idler F, Jung S, Backhausen JE: Heterologous expression of enterocin A, a bacteriocin from Enterococcus

find more faecium , fused to a cellulose-binding domain in Escherichia coli results in a functional protein with inhibitory activity against Listeria . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 67:532–538.PubMedCrossRef 24. Borrero J, Jiménez JJ, Gútiez L, Herranz C, Cintas LM, Hernández PE: Protein expression vector and secretion signal peptide optimization to drive the production, secretion, and functional expression of the bacteriocin enterocin A in lactic acid bacteria. J Biotechnol 2011, 156:76–86.PubMedCrossRef 25. Zorko M, Japelj B, Hafner-Bratkovic I, Jerala R: Expression, purification and structural studies of a short antimicrobial peptide. BBA-Biomembranes 2009, 1788:314–323.PubMedCrossRef

http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Gemcitabine(Gemzar).html 26. Kim J, Jang S, Yu B, Sung B, Cho J, Kim S: High-level expression of an antimicrobial peptide histonin as a natural form by selleckchem multimerization and furin-mediated cleavage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 78:123–130.PubMedCrossRef 27. Sánchez J, Borrero J, Gómez-Sala B, Basanta A, Herranz C, Cintas L, Hernández PE: Cloning and heterologous production of hiracin JM79, a Sec-dependent bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus hirae DCH5, in lactic acid bacteria and Pichia pastoris . Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:2471–2479.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral 28. Basanta A, Gómez-Sala B, Sánchez J, Diep DB, Herranz C, Hernández PE, Cintas LM: Use of the yeast Pichia pastoris as an expression host for secretion of enterocin L50, a leaderless two-peptide (L50A and L50B) bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium L50. Appl Environ Microbio 2010, l76:3314–3324.CrossRef 29. Beaulieu L, Groleau D, Miguez CB, Jetté J-F, Aomari H, Subirade M: Production of pediocin PA-1 in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris reveals unexpected inhibition of its biological activity due to the presence of collagen-like material. Protein Expr Purif 2005, 43:111–125.

In the model, MP donates electrons to the heterodisulfide reductase HdrDE accompanied by translocation of protons which further contributes to ATP synthesis. An electron 10058-F4 cost transport chain has been hypothesized for the marine

isolate Methanosarcina acetivorans, the only non-H2-metabolizing acetotrophic methanogen for which the genome is sequenced. Although encoding Cdh, the genome does not encode Ech hydrogenase [10, 11]. Furthermore, in contrast to all H2-utilizing aceticlastic Methanosarcina species investigated [12], acetate-grown M. acetivorans synthesizes a six-subunit complex (Ma-Rnf) [13] encoded within a co-transcribed eight-gene (MA0658-0665) cluster with high identity https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html to membrane-bound Rnf (R hodobacter nitrogen fixation) complexes from the domain Bacteria. It is hypothesized that the Ma-Rnf complex plays an essential role in the electron transport chain, generating a sodium gradient that is exchanged for a proton gradient driving ATP synthesis [13]. Consistent with this idea, it was recently shown that the six-subunit Rnf complex from Acetobacterium woodii of the domain Bacteria couples electron transport from reduced ferredoxin to NAD+ with the generation of a sodium gradient [14]. Remarkably, the Ma-Rnf complex of M. acetivorans is co-transcribed with a gene (MA0658) encoding a multi-heme cytochrome c, and another

flanking gene (MA0665) encoding a hypothetical membrane integral Alvocidib research buy protein with unknown function [13]. Indeed, the cytochrome c was shown to be synthesized in high levels of acetate-grown cells where it completely dominates the UV-visible spectrum of the purified membranes http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/pci-32765.html and is distinguishable from b-type cytochromes [13]. Furthermore, it was recently reported (A. M. Guss and W. W. Metcalf, unpublished results) that a six-subunit Ma-Rnf/cytochrome c (ΔMA0658-0665) deletion mutant of M. acetivorans fails

to grow with acetate [15]. However, biochemical evidence necessary to support the hypothesized role of cytochrome c has not been forthcoming. The only other report of cytochromes c in methanogens is for the H2-metabolizing species Methanosarcina mazei (f. Methanosarcina strain Gö1) grown with methanol [16]. The freshwater isolate Methanosarcina thermophila is the only non-H2-metabolizing acetotrophic methanogen for which electron transport components have been investigated biochemically [17]. Like H2-metabolizing Methanosarcina species, ferredoxin mediates electron transfer between Cdh and the membrane-bound electron transport chain in which a cytochrome b participates and dominates the UV-visible absorbance spectrum of membranes. It is also reported that MP is the electron donor to HdrDE [18]. Electron carriers other than cytochrome b that participate between ferredoxin and MP were not identified.

1a). Figure 1 Mutational Selleck Mocetinostat analysis of the S. meliloti hfq gene. (a) Arrangement of the genomic hfq region, multiple amino acid sequence alignment of Hfq proteins

encoded by enterobacterial and α-proteobacterial genomes and details of the hfq mutants. The genetic map is drawn to scale. Numbering denotes the gene coordinates in the S. meliloti genome database. In the 1021Δhfq mutant the full-length Hfq ORF was replaced by a HindIII site. The DNA fragment cloned on complementation plasmid pJBHfq is indicated. In the alignment, Hfq sequences are denoted by the species abbreviation as follows: Ecol, E. coli; Stiph, Salmonella tiphymurium; Bsu, Brucella suis; Bmel, B. melitensis; Acaul, Azorhizobium caulinodans; Atum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Mlot, Mesorhizobium loti; Rleg, Rhizobium leguminosarum; Smel, S. meliloti. Species belonging to the α-subdivision of the proteobacteria are indicated to the left. Shadowed are the amino acid residues conserved in at least 80% sequences

and boxed are the conserved amino acids within the C-terminal extension of Hfq proteins encoded by enterobacteria. The two conserved Sm-like domains are indicated. Double arrowheads indicate the integration sites of pK18mobsacB in 2011-3.4 and 2011-1.2 derivatives. (b) Growth curves in TY broth of the S. meliloti wild-type strains 2011 (left panel) and 1021 (right panel) and their respective hfq mutant derivatives as determined by OD600 readings of triplicate cultures in 2 h intervals. Graphs legends: 2011, wild-type strain; 1.2, 2011-1.2 control strain; 3.4, 2011-3.4 derivative; 3.4(pJBHfq), 2011-3.4 complemented with plasmid pJBHfq; 1021, reference wild-type strain; Δhfq, BMS202 in vitro 1021 hfq deletion mutant; Δhfq(pJBHfq), Δhfq complemented with pJBHfq. The S. meliloti hfq gene seems to form a dicistronic operon with the downstream hflX-like gene coding for a putative GTP-binding protein. Upstream of hfq are SMc01047 and trkA coding (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate for a D-alanine aminotransferase and a potassium transporter, respectively (Fig. 1a). Immediately upstream of trkA is the gene cluster specifying

the nitrogen assimilation system ntr (ntrB-ntrC-ntrY-ntrX). This genomic arrangement is essentially conserved in all the nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts of the order Rhizobiales. The exception is the absence of either the trkA or SMc01047 homologs between the ntr operon and hfq in a few species (i.e. M. loti, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae). In contrast, the S. meliloti hfq upstream region totally diverges from that of its related intracellular animal pathogens (i.e. Brucella sp.). Enterobacterial and α-proteobacterial genomes only conserve the hflX gene downstream of hfq in this chromosomal region. Construction and growth characteristics of the S. meliloti hfq mutants As a first approach to address the S. meliloti Hfq functions in vivo two independent hfq AZD3965 nmr knock-out mutants were constructed in strains 2011 and 1021. These S. meliloti strains are derived from the same progenitor (S.

References 1. Friedman CR, Neimann J, Wegener HC, Tauxe RV: Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. Campylobacter 2 Edition (Edited by: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ). Washington, DC: ASM Press 2000, 121–138. 2. Miller WG, Mandrell RE: Prevalence of Campylobacter in the food and water supply: Incidence, outbreaks, isolation and detection. Campylobacter: Molecular and cellular biology (Edited by: Ketley JM, Konkel ME). Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience 2005, 101–163. 3. Nachamkin I,

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Comparing the two curves in Figure 8, the amounts of the effective nanopore numbers can be modulated Lazertinib purchase by adjusting the size of the Si3N4 micropore, which can change the frequency of the current drop signals in the ionic current curve. Conclusions In summary, the transporting properties and detailed translocation information of biomolecules are investigated using an integrated device based on nanopore arrays in PC membranes and micropore in silicon nitride films. The amounts of effective nanopore numbers can be modulated by adjusting the size of Si3N4 micropore, which can change the frequency of signals in ionic current

curve. It is believed that the nanofluidic device based on integrated micropore-nanopore chips possessed comparative potentials in biosensing applications. Authors’ information LL is an associate professor at the Southeast University, PR China. LZ is an undergraduate student at the same university. ZN and YC are professors at the Southeast University, PR China. Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (51003015 and U1332134); the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB707601 and 2011CB707605); the Natural Foretinib molecular weight Science Foundation of Suzhou (SYG201329); open fund

offered by the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (HZ2012-KF09), the Qing Lan Project, and the International Foundation for Science (Stockholm, Sweden); the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, (The Hague, Netherlands), through a grant to Lei Liu (F/4736-1); and the Student Research Training Salubrinal in vitro Programme in Southeast

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J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:2578–2583.PubMedCrossRef 18. Seok

Y, Bae IK, Jeong SH, Kim SH, Lee H, CP673451 supplier Lee K: Dissemination of IMP-6 metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa sequence type 235 in Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:2791–2796.PubMedCrossRef 19. Juan C, Zamorano L, Mena A, Alberti S, Pérez JL, Oliver A: Metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas putida as a reservoir of multidrug resistance elements that can be transferred to successful Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010, 65:474–478.PubMedCrossRef 20. Lee JY, Song JH, Ko KS: Identification of nonclonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates with reduced colistin susceptibility in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2011, 17:299–304.PubMedCrossRef 21. Kiewitz C, Tümmler B: Sequence diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa : impact on population structure and genome evolution. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:3125–3135.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests; financial or otherwise. Authors’ contributions MG carried out the molecular genetic

studies, participated in the sequence analysis and GSK2126458 ic50 drafted the manuscript. MP carried out the molecular genetic analysis. MCG, VFB, and PDA carried out the isolation and phenotypic and the antibiogram analysis. AP performed the statistical analysis. MG, MCG, EGV and JL conceived the study. All co-authors participated in the design of the study and coordination and helped Selumetinib to the draft manuscript.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Sugarcane (Saccharum L. spp. hybrids) is of tremendous economic importance not just for the sugar industry but also for its impact on sustainable energy production. The ratoon sugarcane is the regenerated crop plant from ID-8 the germinating bud of the stubble from the previous crop [1]. Ratooning practice saves cost on preparatory tillage and planting material and benefits from the residual manure and moisture. In addition, the ratoon sugarcane matures earlier than the newly planted sugarcane (plant sugarcane). However, there is a decline in the yield of ratoon sugarcane in the successive years under normal conditions [2]. This has become one of the major problems in the high-yielding cultivation of sugarcane. The expansion of crop monoculture has led to the simplification of the agroecosystem, and the loss and fragmentation of habitat [3]. Large-scale monocultures result in a decline in the biological diversity, destroy the capability of self-adjustment of the ecosystem, and cause diseases, which further increases the production cost and pollute the environment because more pesticides and better fertilizers are required [3]. The yield decline has been defined as the loss of productive capacity of sugarcane soils under long-term monocultures [4]. Gascho et al.

Cheng and Minkowycz [1] studied free convection about a vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium with application to heat transfer from a dike. They used

the boundary layer approximations and found the similarity solution for the problem. Evans SCH772984 price and Plumb [2] investigated natural convection about a vertical plate embedded in a medium composed of glass beads with diameters ranging from 0.85 to 1.68 mm. Their experimental data was in good agreement with the theory. Cheng [3] and Hsu [4] investigated the Darcian free convection flow about a semi-infinite vertical plate. They used the higher-order approximation theory and confirmed the results of Evans and Plumb

[2]. Kim and Vafai [5] analyzed the natural convection about a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. They took two cases in their analysis, viz., constant wall temperature and constant heat flux. They found the analytic solution for the boundary layer flow using the methods of matching asymptotes. this website Badruddin et al. [6] investigated free convection and radiation for a vertical wall with varying temperatures embedded in a porous medium. Steady and unsteady free convection in a fluid past an inclined plate and immersed in a porous medium find more was studied by Chamka et al. [7] and Uddin and Kumar [8]. They used the Brinkmann-Forchheimer model for the flow in porous media. Some more details about the theoretical and experimental studies for the convection in porous media can be found in the work of Neild and Bejan [9]. In industries, heat transfer can be enhanced by modifying the design of the

devices, e.g., increasing the surface area by addition of fins, applying magnetic field and electric field. In compact-designed devices, MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit these techniques are hard to apply, so the other option for heat transfer enhancement is to use the fluid with high thermal conductivity. However, common fluids like water, ethylene glycol, and oil have low values of thermal conductivities. On the other hand, the metals and their oxide have high thermal conductivities compared to these fluids. Choi [10] proposed that the uniform dispersion of small concentration of nano-sized metal/metal oxides particles into a fluid enhances the thermal conductivity of the base fluid, and such fluids were termed as nanofluids. This concept attracted various researchers towards nanofluids, and various theoretical and experimental studies have been done to find the thermal properties of nanofluids. An extensive review of thermal properties of nanofluids can be found in the study of Wang and Majumdar [11].

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MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL (2005) Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford Chk inhibitor University Press, Oxford 30. Dolan P (1997) Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care 35:1095–1108PubMedCrossRef 31. Guide to the methods of technology appraisal. In: NHS National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (ed) (2008) 32. Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Tan SS, Bouwmans CAM (2011) Handleidng voor kostenonderzoek, methoden en standaard kostprijzen voor economische evaluaties in de gezondheidszorg (Geactualiseerde versie 2010) [Dutch manual for costing: methods and standard costs for economic evaluations in healthcare]. Diemen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen [Health Care Insurance Board] 33. Medicijnkosten [Drug costs] (2010) Diemen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen [Health Care Insurance Board]. www.​medicijnkosten.​nl. Accessed 20 Dec 2010 34. Farmacotherapeutisch kompas (2010) Diemen: College voor Zorgverzekeringen [Health Care Insurance Board]. http://​www.​fk.​cvz.​nl/​. Accessed 20 Dec 2010 35. Haentjens P, Annemans L (2003) Health economics and the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Br 85-B:1093–1099CrossRef 36. Drummond M, McGuire A (2001) Economic evaluation in health care. Merging theory with practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford 37. Briggs AH (2001) Handling uncertainty in economic evaluation

and presenting the results. In: Drummond MF, McGuire A (eds) Economic evaluation in health care: merging theory with practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 172–214 38. Fenwick E, O’Brien BJ, Briggs A (2004) Cost-effectiveness Masitinib (AB1010) acceptability curves—facts, fallacies and frequently asked questions. Heal Econ 13:405–415CrossRef 39. Zicht op zinnige en duurzame zorg [Fair and sutainable care]. Den Haag: Raad voor de Volksgezondheid en Zorg [Council for Public Health and Health Care] (2006) 40. Guigoz Y (2006) The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature—what does it tell us? J Nutr Health Aging 10:466–485, discussion 485–467PubMed 41. Vellas B, Guigoz Y, Garry PJ, Nourhashemi F, Bennahum D, Lauque S, Albarede JL (1999) The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients.