These responses were initially predicted by clustering analysis, as these mutants fall into clusters being predicted involvements in blue light signalling (clusters I, II, IV and V) and those predictions involving blue, red and far-red light signalling (clusters III). These putative components of light signalling in Xcc included three HKs, four GGDEF-characterized

proteins and http://www.selleckchem.com/PI3K.html four hybrid HKs. Motility is an important characteristic for infection in a number of plant pathogenic species (Swings et al., 1993); thus, we tested whether PAS proteins participate in the development of motility in the Xcc in response to variable light conditions. Five of 33 mutants showed significantly modified motility responses to light (Fig. 3). Among them, DLT4313 was increased, and DLT0728, DLT0818 and DLT1965 were decreased in blue light. DLT1036 exhibited decreased motility in blue, red, far-red or white light. These results partially agreed with the results of clustering analysis (Fig. 1c), in which the protein altered in DLT0728 was associated with cluster IV and was a putative blue light–signalling component. RAD001 in vivo We cultured cabbage infected with Xcc strains under two levels of light intensity. The light intensity reaching into

a leaf was initially estimated in a light transmission assay, which indicated that a light intensity of 4512 and 593 lux reached the middle of a leaf exposed to light sources of 12 000 and 2000 lux, respectively (Fig. S2). The results of Xcc strains are shown in Fig. S3. We also tested rescue strains of three mutants, DLT1036, DLT 2324 and DLT3829. In assays of Xcc strains infecting cabbage, four mutants (DLT3829, DLT1036, DLT2324 and DLT1476) had an effect on light-condition-dependent shifts in bacterial virulence. Leaf-lesion photographs of the four mutants are shown in Fig. 4a (strong light) and 4b (weak light), and the mutants showed different changes in lesion length

(LL) in strong/weak light or between the two light intensities, as shown in Fig. 4c. The relative lesion rate (RLR) values of the four mutants were significantly different from PRKACG wild-type Xcc 8004 (Fig. 4d). The tests of complementary strains are shown in Fig. S4, in which the virulence of pLC1036, pLC2324 and pLC3829 were partially rescued in comparison with either LL or RLR. In addition, three of the four mutants have been shown to be GGDEF-characterized proteins involved in virulence under natural light (Ryan et al., 2007). These data strongly suggest that these PAS proteins are light-signalling components that are vital for Xcc pathogenesis. Some of the PAS proteins in Xcc may have roles as intermediates in photo-signalling pathways other than light sensing, and some of those involved in light signalling may not have phenotypes that could be observed in our screen. Previous studies have suggested that PAS domains sense light, and the subsequent functions result in various responses, for example, a PAS domain can be activated in blue light to regulate B.

, 1986; Tanaka & Ogura, 1998), is not responsible for the difference in transfer efficiency. We next investigated the transfer of the two plasmids from the R+ M+ to the Etoposide R− M− cells. The results showed that, although the efficiencies were relatively low, significant numbers of colonies showing Spr Nmr or Spr Cmr were obtained

(Table 2, line 4): 7.8% or 8.8%, respectively, of the colony numbers observed when RM125 recA was used as both the donor and the recipient strains, suggesting a difference in the mechanism of plasmid transfer from the R+ M+ to R− M− strains and from the R− M− to R+ M+ strains. The addition of the total DNA from the RM125 recA:: Emr cells carrying both plasmids to the protoplasts of RM125 recA::Spr resulted in the formation of a significant number of Spr Cmr but not Spr Nmr colonies, and this colony formation was totally abolished by the addition of

DNase I (Table 2, lines 9 and 10), indicating the importance of the enzyme addition to avoid PEG-mediated protoplast check details transformation by the DNA released from spontaneously lysed donor cells. No Spr Nmr colony formation suggests that pLS32neo with a size of 86.5 kb was too large to enter the recipient protoplast or competed out by the coexisting chromosomal DNA. Under the experimental conditions used, no Emr Spr colonies were found that would nearly have appeared as a result of the formation of diploid cells between the donor and the recipient cells (T. Maehara, unpublished data; Hotchkiss & Gabor, 1980). An attempt to reduce the restriction activity of the donor R+ M+ strain by heating or 2-amino purine treatment (Makovets et al., 1999) was not successful. To investigate whether there was any difference in the mode of plasmid transfer between the homologous and heterologous pairs, we counted the number of the fusants that carried both plasmids among those that had acquired either pLS32neo or pHV33. It

was shown that of 100–150 colonies examined for the fusion between the homologous pairs, 51–69% of the Spr Nmr colonies and 83–91% of the Spr Cmr colonies were also resistant to Cm and Nm, respectively (lines 1 and 2 in the last two columns of Table 2). As pHV33 is segregationally unstable unlike pLS32neo (T. Tanaka, unpublished data), the less frequent association of Cmr with Nmr in the former may be due to the instability of pHV33 in the donor cell. In contrast, no Nmr colonies were detected among the Spr Cmr colonies of the R+ M+ recipient fused with the R− M− plasmid donor (line 3 in the last column). We interpret these findings as indicating that pLS32neo, but not pHV33, was restricted by BsuM restriction upon entry into the restriction-proficient recipient cell.

aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe, it probably metabolizes drugs and repairs DNA in different ways to S. Typhimurium, a facultative anaerobe. Recently,

differences in DNA repair mechanisms were shown to have effects on the acquisition of drug resistance (Morero & Arqarana, 2009). Such difference selleck chemicals in mutagen susceptibility suggests that NNN and BP may be capable of inducing drug resistance in microorganisms other than P. aeruginosa. MNU consistently conferred resistance to Rif and to CPFX resistance in P. aeruginosa. We further examined the effect of MNU concentration on the induction of resistance to these antibacterial agents. MNU concentration dependently increased Rif or CPFX resistance in P. aeruginosa, and the incidence of Rif resistance was 10 times higher than CPFX resistance. While we found nine mutations in rpoB that conferred Rif resistance,

only one mutation in gyrA, ACC to ATC at codon 83, conferred CPFX resistance to most of the CPFX-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa found in the experiment. Of the Rif-resistant P. aeruginosa induced by mutagens, buy PF-02341066 93% had mutations in the rpoB gene. The amino acid changes induced by mutagens were the same as those found in Rif-resistant M. tuberculosis (Murphy et al., 2006), a finding which suggests that mutagens may be implicated in the emergence of Rif-resistant M. tuberculosis. As described earlier, different species of bacteria may have different susceptibility to specific mutagens; thus, NNN and BP may be capable of conferring Rif resistance on M. tuberculosis. It would likely be fruitful to investigate the incidence of Rif-resistant M. tuberculosis between nonsmokers and smokers. Among CPFX-resistant P. aeruginosa induced by mutagens, 80% had mutations at codons Dichloromethane dehalogenase 83 and 87 in the gyrA gene, mutations that involve amino acid substitutions.

These same mutations are found in almost all the CPFX-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from patients (Mouneimne et al., 1999; Akasaka et al., 2001). In 20% of mutagen-induced CPFX-resistant P. aeruginosa, we found no mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA. Consequently, we analyzed the entire gyrA sequence, however, we were unable to find any other mutations here. To further investigate what might confer CPFX resistance, we analyzed the gyrB, parC and parE genes and found mutations in gyrB and parE. All the mutations found in these genes would also lead to amino acid changes. Such mutations in gyrB or parE have not, however, been reported in clinically isolated CPFX resistant P. aeruginosa. In 11% of the samples of CPFX-resistant P. aeruginosa, we were unable to determine a likely cause for the resistance. Mutations in the regulatory genes for efflux pump proteins, resulting in an increased expression, have been reported to confer CPFX resistance (Higgins et al., 2003). Accordingly, we analyzed the sequence of regulatory genes nfxB and mexR, but found no mutations.

QSS 2009 contacted or attempted to contact 3,112 households; 1,536 subjects declined participation, 142 households could not be contacted and 129 were otherwise ineligible. Thus, the final sample for QSS 2009 included 1,292 respondents, 860 from Southeast Queensland and 432 from Other Queensland for an overall response rate of 41.5%. The sample was nearly Obeticholic Acid price equally divided between males and females (50.2%

vs 49.8%). Younger people (aged 18–34 y) were under-represented in the sample; and older people (aged >55 y) were over-represented in the sample; otherwise, the demographics of the participants reasonably approximated that of the general population.9 Responses to the two questions concerning travel and influenza are shown in Table 1; 688 (53.2%) of respondents indicated some level of concern about Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling and 458 (35.5%)

indicated they would likely cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever that lasted more than one day. When cross-tabulating these responses, people who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when they traveled were more likely than those without concern to cancel their own commercial air travel if they had a cough and fever lasting more than one day (44.7% vs 27.7%, χ2 = 33.53, p < 0.001). Nonetheless, there were 363 respondents who expressed concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, but who would not have cancelled their own commercial air travel if they had symptoms this website of a viral respiratory infection. Bivariate associations between demographic variables and both concern about and willingness

to cancel travel are shown in Table 2, and the final multivariate models are shown in Table 3. When controlling for covariance and Protirelin confounding, respondents living outside of metropolitan Southeast Queensland (AOR = 0.589; CI: 0.396–0.874), those with more than 14 years of education (AOR = 0.651; CI: 0.444–0.952), and those with incomes greater than A$100,000 per year (AOR = 0.528; CI: 0.353–0.791) were all less likely to express concern regarding Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 when traveling. There were no interaction effects among these variables. Only age was significantly associated with the likelihood of cancelling travel if a respondent was symptomatic, with younger respondents (18–24 y old) less likely than others to cancel pre-existing travel plans (AOR = 0.469; CI: 0.260–0.847). Previous emerging infectious disease outbreaks, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), had far reaching impacts on travel and tourism, particularly, with shutdown of airline travel during the height of the SARS outbreak.10 Avian influenza has not had the same impact; however, it has raised considerable concern among travelers and government travel advisories alike.

1, Table 1). In the temporal lobe, there were significantly stronger correlations with the cortex within the superior temporal PD0325901 research buy sulcus and the middle temporal gyrus. On the medial surface, BAs 44 and 45 showed stronger correlations than BA 6 with medial frontal cortex anterior to the supplementary motor area involving BAs 8, 9 and 10, as well as the paracingulate BA 32. Additionally, BA 45 exhibited stronger

RSFC with the medial part of the frontal pole (BA 10), the ventromedial frontal cortex and the angular gyrus, relative to BA 6, while BA 44 did not show these differences. Using a permuted-groups split-half comparison procedure, we applied spectral and hierarchical clustering algorithms to identify cluster solutions for the range K = 2 : 12, where K is the number of clusters. For each value of K, we assessed the similarity of the cluster

solutions generated for Group 1 (n = 18) and Group 2 (n = 18) using the VI metric (Meila, 2007). Figure 3D plots the mean VI across 100 permuted groups, for each K, and each clustering algorithm. The results indicate that the most similar (consistent) solutions (associated with the lowest Belinostat molecular weight mean VI) were generated by the spectral clustering algorithm. The most consistent non-trivial solution (i.e. K > 2) appears to be K = 4, although there is good mean similarity for the range K = 2:6. We subsequently applied the spectral clustering algorithm to the group-average of all (n = 36) single-subject η2 matrices. Figure 4 displays the surface maps for the spectral clustering solutions for K = 2 : 6 (for comparison, the Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase surface maps of the hierarchical clustering solutions for K = 2 : 6

are presented in supplementary Fig. S1). To further discern the optimal K, we calculated a modified silhouette value for each value of K, for cluster solutions produced when the spectral clustering algorithm was applied to each individual’s η2 matrix. As shown in Fig. 3E, the modified silhouette criterion suggested that K = 4 represents the most favorable solution. To assess the impact of smoothing on cluster assignment, we repeated the analyses and η2 matrix generation without spatial smoothing. Figure 4 shows the surface maps for the spectral clustering solutions for K = 2 : 6, computed on the basis of group-average unsmoothed η2 matrices (Fig. 3B). Qualitatively, the maps are highly similar, a conclusion which is supported quantitatively by the VI metric (Fig. 3H), which indicates good similarity between the smoothed and unsmoothed solutions for K ≤ 7.

The presence Alectinib concentration of collagenolytic

bacteria in the marine environment is more widely distributed than previously thought (Dreisbach & Merkel, 1978; Takeuchi et al., 1992; Thomas et al., 2008). For example, Merkel et al. (1975) found that 44% of marine isolates obtained from coastal waters were capable of producing collagenolytic enzymes. It has also been found that marine bacteria utilize collagenolytic enzymes to obtain nutritional diversity, thus conferring them with a selective advantage (Harrington, 1996; Thomas et al., 2008). Given the wide distribution of collagen-degrading activities in the marine environment and their potential negative impact on a eukaryotic host, we investigated the presence of collagenolytic enzymes in the bacterial community associated with a healthy sponge. We used a polyphasic approach that involved screening of a metagenomic library and cultured sponge isolates for the degradation of gelatin, UK-371804 mw a denatured form of collagen, as well as extensive bioinformatic analysis of bacterial metagenomic shotgun-sequencing data. The marine demosponge Cymbastela concentrica was collected by SCUBA diving from Bare Island (Thomas et

al., 2010) and washed twice (5 min each time with agitation at 200 r.p.m.) in calcium- and magnesium-free seawater (L-1: 25 g NaCl, 0.8 g KCl, 1 g Na2SO4, 0.04 g NaHCO3) to remove planktonic or loosely associated microorganisms. A culture collection was obtained by plating serially diluted and homogenized sponge samples onto marine broth 2216 (MB; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD), supplemented with 1.5% agar. MB has been shown to recover similar amounts of bacteria from sponge samples as other medium types (including those that contain sponge extracts) (Olson et al., 2000) and is therefore likely to represent the generally culturable bacteria from C. concentrica. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 5 days and pure cultures were obtained by restreaking

colonies onto fresh agar. The phylogenetic identity of the bacterial isolates was assessed DCLK1 by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using universal primers (27F and 1492R) (Lane, 1991). Metagenomic libraries of the bacterial community associated with C. concentrica were previously constructed from two specimens in Yung et al. (2009). The libraries contained a total of 6500 inserts (average size of 35 kb) cloned in the fosmid vector pCC1FOS and hosted in Escherichia coli Epi300. All sponge samples used in this and our previous studies, which yielded metagenomic fosmid libraries and shotgun-sequencing datasets (Yung et al., 2009; Thomas et al., 2010), showed no signs of tissue damage and were healthy specimens. Colonies were stabbed onto 96-well microtitre plates containing in each well 180 μL of MB for marine isolates, or LB10 (L-1:10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 10 g NaCl; pH 7.5) supplemented with 12.

uAPRs were available in 144 patients: 46 patients (32%) had TP and 21 (15%) GP; the remainder had uPCR < 30 mg/mmol. The TP Selleck Bafilomycin A1 group had a higher fractional excretion of phosphate compared with the GP group (mean 27% vs. 16%, respectively; P < 0.01). Patients with TP were more likely to be on tenofovir and/or a boosted

protease inhibitor compared with those with GP. In 18 patients with heavy proteinuria (uPCR > 100 mg/mmol), a renal assessment was made; eight had a kidney biopsy. In all cases, the uAPR results correlated with the nephrological diagnosis. In HIV-infected patients, measuring uAPR may help to identify patients in whom a renal biopsy is indicated, and those in whom tubular dysfunction might be an important cause of proteinuria and which may be related to antiretroviral toxicity. We suggest that this would be useful as a routine screening procedure in patients with proteinuria. A spectrum of renal disease occurs in HIV-infected patients [1]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be caused by the virus itself, sometimes manifesting as HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) or HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease (HIVICK) [2-4]. Alternatively and increasingly, it Selleck CYC202 is attributable to other unrelated pathologies,

for example, hypertension, diabetes, opportunistic infections or other viral coinfections [5, 6], and it is becoming more important to identify this group. Renal disease can also be caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) [1]. As survival in HIV-infected patients improves, interest in cART-related renal toxicity continues to grow. Tenofovir (TDF) is a nucleotide reverse

transcriptase inhibitor that is an effective antiretroviral drug widely used as first-line treatment [7]. Although some data suggest that it is not reliably associated with increased renal toxicity [8-11], there are increasing numbers of reports and studies of renal tubular dysfunction, with rare reports of Fanconi syndrome [12-15]. Data from other studies confirm that TDF co-prescribed with a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) is associated with the highest risk of such toxicity [16-18]. Screening for proteinuria in HIV-infected patients is therefore important, as it is often an early indicator of underlying kidney dysfunction. Sinomenine There are different methods for routinely assessing proteinuria. How, and when, to screen for proteinuria continues to be debated. Urine dipstick analysis is frequently performed, but in the context of urine protein, it mainly detects albumin and may fail to identify those patients in whom protein in the urine is predominantly caused by other proteins. It is generally accepted that measurement of the urine protein/creatinine ratio (uPCR) and the urine albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) is a relatively cheap (approximately £0.20 and £0.50, respectively) and effective way to screen for renal disease [19]. The specific test used often depends upon the laboratory practice.

We would like to thank the crew of the R/V Natsushima and the operation team of the ROV Hyper-Dolphin for their cooperation in sample collection. We would like to thank Dr Blair Thornton for providing the on-site photograph of the Mn crust and for English language editing. We would like to thank Ms Satomi Minamizawa for her technical assistant on the cruise. We are also grateful to the scientists who joined the NT09-02 cruise and to Dr Katsuhiko Suzuki and the other members of

the Project TAIGA for providing valuable samples and for helpful discussions. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This research was funded by the Ministry check details of Education, Culture, Science learn more and Technology (MEXT), Japan, through a special coordination fund (Project TAIGA: Trans-crustal Advection and In-situ biogeochemical processes of Global sub-seafloor Aquifer). Fig. S1. (a) Location of the Takuyo-Daigo Seamount and (b) an enlarged view of the sampling point. Fig. S2. Phylogenetic trees for 16S rRNA genes of (a) Archaea, (b) Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, (c) Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria, (d) other bacterial phyla, and (e) uncultured clone

groups. Fig. S3. Rarefaction curves for (a) Bacteria and (b) Archaea. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing

material) should Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“Treponema spp. are a commonly detected bacterial group in the rumen that are involved in the degradation of soluble fibers. In this study, a ruminal Treponema group-specific PCR primer targeting the 16S rRNA gene was designed and used to assess the phylogenetic diversity and diet association of this group in sheep rumen. Total DNA was extracted from rumen digesta of three sheep fed a diet based on alfalfa/orchardgrass hay or concentrate. The real-time PCR quantification indicated that the relative abundance of the Treponema group in the total rumen bacteria was as high as 1.05%, while the known species Treponema bryantii accounted for only 0.02%. Fingerprints of the Treponema community determined by 16S rDNA-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis tended to differ among the diets. Principal component analysis of the DGGE profiles distinguished those Treponema associated with either the hay or the concentrate diets. Analysis of a Treponema 16S rRNA gene clone library showed phylogenetically distinct operational taxonomic units for a specific dietary condition, and significant (P=0.001) differences in community composition were observed among clone libraries constructed from each dietary regimen. The majority of clones (75.

He is working for a large oil corporation and will be traveling to Nigeria for a 4-day meeting. He does not feel he needs advice on returning to his home country but his company has sent him for a pre-travel evaluation. Case 5 Two 18-year-old college students, including a Canadian native who is traveling with roommate to visit a Colombian friend for a 5-week stay with the friend’s family on a ranch outside of Bogota, Colombia. She is not planning to seek health advice because she says, “She had just enough to buy her ticket and it is a waste of money anyway. Case 6 A 57-year-old Chinese businessman with a history of type II diabetes who is going to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania for 6 weeks to visit his

son who immigrated to Tanzania and runs a car rental agency. He is Bafetinib planning a 3-day trip to a remote area for a field visit where he will also be looking for natural resources investments. Case 7 A 42-year-old Hmong male from Minnesota is bringing his 16-year-old son to Thailand http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MS-275.html for 2 weeks. They will be staying in Chang Mai at a high-end hotel. They will visit the camps on the Burma border for 1 day so that the father can show his son where his parents came from. They will also do a river-rafting trip. They have come to seek pre-travel care because the father is worried about

both of their health risks. These scenarios illustrate the application of a new definition of VFR traveler. Within these scenarios some factors will change over time but the two required

criteria for inclusion as a VFR traveler are stable and robust: VFR and an epidemiological gradient of risk based on assessment of the determinants of health. These stable criteria can lead to evaluation of its definitional validity in assessing travel-related health risks and potentially differentiating VFR travelers from other travelers for the purpose of clinical assessment, public health planning, and the development of research. The consistent application of these defining criteria for VFR travel is to allow a means of identifying a combination of variables contributing from to the VFR travelers’ experience of travel-related disease or injury compared with other groups of travelers. This information can be used to identify and plan for the mitigation of adverse outcomes. Further, this definition will contribute to the design and implementation of public health policies and programs, and a coherent approach to VFR traveler research, data collection, analysis, and communication. The increased morbidity and mortality for certain outcomes reported in the VFR travelers literature is likely related to measurable differences in the intent of travel, and health determinants with interregional disparities in disease risk. A better understanding of the interaction of the determinants of health across regions of health disparity may lead to improved interventions to reduce adverse health outcomes related to VFR and other potentially high-risk traveling populations.

Among 710 patients who initiated therapy, 423 (60%) completed nPEP and

117 (16%) were lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 170, prophylaxis was mainly interrupted because the source tested HIV negative (108 cases) or the treatment was not tolerated (39). Overall, testing of the source person and obtaining a negative result avoided the initiation or completion of unnecessary nPEP in 283 requests (31%). In four cases, the patient decided to continue nPEP despite the source’s negative result. The rate of avoided nPEP varied across types of exposure to HIV and was significantly correlated to the ability to find the source person (P<0.001) (Fig. 2). Out of 710 nPEP prescriptions, ZDV+3TC+NFV was used in 548 cases (77%) and ZDV+3TC+LPV/RTV in 108 (15%). Forty-one subjects received various combinations of other antiretroviral ABT-199 datasheet drugs, and for 13 details of the nPEP regimen were not available. Of 620 participants for whom data were available, 396 (64%) reported side effects, mainly gastrointestinal disturbance (325 cases) and fatigue (189). At the week 2 visit, new-onset laboratory abnormalities, including leucopenia,

thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, hepatitis and pancreatitis, were seen in 41 subjects. They were all grade 1 or 2 toxicity except for four cases of grade 3 and 4 liver toxicity with the ZDV/3TC/NFV combination. One of these was attributed to hepatitis C virus seroconversion. Liver tests spontaneously improved after nPEP interruption, without hospitalization. Overall, 18 participants changed Cytidine deaminase drug regimen and 39 stopped nPEP because of drug toxicity. The only differences between Selleckchem PLX3397 the two regimens were a higher frequency of headaches (P=0.02) and gastrointestinal disturbance, which did not reach statistical significance, in the ZDV/3TC/NFV group (Table 3). Among 910 eligible events, 865 (95%) exposed persons were tested at baseline, 468 (51%) had a second test at 3 months and 202 (22%)

had a third test at 6 months. Among 287 subjects exposed to an HIV-negative source, 61 (21%) came back for a second test vs. 147 of 219 subjects (67%) exposed to an HIV-positive source and 260 of 404 subjects (64%) exposed to a source of unknown HIV status. At baseline, two exposed subjects were HIV positive (0.2%). Upon follow-up, two HIV seroconversions were observed, neither of which was attributable to nPEP failure. The first case involved a 24-year-old homosexual man whose condom broke during anal insertive intercourse with a man who tested negative at that time. No nPEP was prescribed. HIV seroconversion was diagnosed 2 months later when he presented with acute retroviral syndrome, 3 weeks after unprotected anal receptive sex with an anonymous partner. The second case was a 24-year-old female IDU who was exposed through vaginal contact with an HIV-infected source. PEP was prescribed and completed.