, 1966; Watanabe & Snell, 1977; Yoshida et al., 2009; Sasaki-Imamura et al., 2010). These findings suggested that the affinity of P. intermedia TnaA to l-tryptophan is largely similar to that of other TnaA proteins. In contrast, the kcat and kcat/Km values of Epacadostat datasheet P. intermedia TnaA (0.45 s−1 and 1.96 mM s−1, respectively) were less than those for E. coli (6.8 s−1 and 30 mM s−1, respectively), P. gingivalis (1.4 s−1 and 6.9 mM s−1, respectively), and F. nucleatum (0.7 s−1 and 2.8 mM s−1, respectively) TnaA, which suggested that the capacity of TnaA from P. intermedia to produce indole l-tryptophan was not as high as in the case of other bacteria. The kcat/Km value of

P. intermedia TnaA for l-tryptophan selleck kinase inhibitor was much higher than for S-methyl-l-cysteine and S-ethyl-l-cysteine. The enzyme did not exhibit detectable elimination activity with l-alanine, l-serine, or l-cysteine, the latter two of which are degraded by TnaA from E. coli (Morino & Snell, 1970) and Proteus vulugalis (Zakomirdina et al., 2002). The substrate specificity of TnaA from P. intermedia was similar to other oral periodontophathogenic bacteria such as P. gingivalis (Yoshida et al., 2009)

and F. nucleatum (Sasaki-Imamura et al., 2010). Using a modified assay with Kovac’s reagent, which measures the concentration of indole in bacterial culture media, we evaluated the indole-producing capacity of 22 species of Prevotella isolated from craniofacial regions (Table 1). Indole was detected in the culture supernatants of six species (P. intermedia ATCC 25611, Prevotella aurantiaca JCM 15754, Prevotella falsenii JCM 15124, Prevotella micans JCM 16134, Prevotella nigrescens JCM 6322, and Prevotella pallens ATCC 700821), albeit at concentrations (0.05–0.1 mM) that were lower than in cultures of P. gingivalis (0.17 mM) and F. nucleatum (0.22 mM). No detectable levels of indole were observed in the culture supernatants of the remaining 16 Prevotella species. These findings were in agreement with previous reports (Dellinger & Moore, 1986; Alauzet et al., 2010). The presence of the tnaA gene in the 22 strains of Prevotella species was also investigated by Southern hybridization

(Fig. 3). Specific signals for P. intermedia ATCC 25611 tnaA were detected in P. gingivalis and the six Prevotella species that were positive for indole in the culture supernatants MYO10 (Table 1). As a control, there were no specific signals for tnaA from F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 in any of the tested bacteria, with the exception of the positive control, F. nucleatum. These findings suggested that the tnaA genes from at least six Prevotella species (P. intermedia ATCC 25611, P. aurantiaca JCM 15754, P. falsenii JCM 15124, P. micans JCM 16134, P. nigrescens JCM 6322, and P. pallens ATCC 700821) might be genetically closer to P. gingivalis than F. nucleatum. Our results indicated that 16 of 22 Prevotella species tested did not produce indole.

, 2005). Another study showed decreased FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and in the corticospinal tract in children and adolescents with ADHD using a tract-based atlasing approach on DTI data (Hamilton et al., 2008). Recently, Pavuluri et al. (2009) reported reduced

FA in the anterior corona radiata in children and adolescents with ADHD. Makris et al. (2008) investigated the cingulum bundle and SLF as parts of the attentional and executive system, and reported lower FA in the right cingulum bundle and in the right SLF in adult patients with ADHD. A multimodal MRI selleck compound study reported a correlation of FA in prefrontal fibre tracts and a measure of impulsivity (performance in find more a go/no-go task) in parent–child diads with ADHD (Casey et al., 2007), though the correlation between DTI measures and neuropsychological measures of attention has not yet been investigated. Finally, most functional imaging studies in ADHD demonstrated abnormal activation primarily in frontal cortices and the anterior cingulum (Schulz et al., 2004, 2005; Bush et al., 2005; Durston et al., 2006). This is largely in line with structural imaging studies showing abnormalities particularly

in these cortical regions and adjacent WM structures. However, these functional studies have also mostly been conducted

in children and adolescents. The aim of the present DTI study was to examine structural connectivity in a large sample of never-medicated, adult patients with ADHD compared with healthy control subjects. In Dimethyl sulfoxide addition to previous DTI studies in adult ADHD, we investigated whether microstructural integrity is directly correlated with attentional performance and impulsivity. We hypothesized that frontostriatal connectivity may particularly be involved in ADHD pathophysiology, and that disturbed frontostriatal connectivity may correlate with clinical measures of inattention and impulsivity. We investigated 37 adult patients with ADHD (21 males; mean age 32.5 years, range 18–49 years) and 34 healthy control subjects (16 males; mean age 30.2 years, range 19–53 years; Table 1). All patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Centre Mainz (Germany). Control subjects were recruited via local newspaper announcements. All subjects were right-handed Caucasians. Patients and control subjects were enrolled during a relatively long period of approximately 4 years, primarily due to the careful selection of patients with ADHD. We included only patients with the combined ADHD type, diagnosis was assessed as described below.

, 2005). Another study showed decreased FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and in the corticospinal tract in children and adolescents with ADHD using a tract-based atlasing approach on DTI data (Hamilton et al., 2008). Recently, Pavuluri et al. (2009) reported reduced

FA in the anterior corona radiata in children and adolescents with ADHD. Makris et al. (2008) investigated the cingulum bundle and SLF as parts of the attentional and executive system, and reported lower FA in the right cingulum bundle and in the right SLF in adult patients with ADHD. A multimodal MRI Selleck PD98059 study reported a correlation of FA in prefrontal fibre tracts and a measure of impulsivity (performance in Selleckchem LDK378 a go/no-go task) in parent–child diads with ADHD (Casey et al., 2007), though the correlation between DTI measures and neuropsychological measures of attention has not yet been investigated. Finally, most functional imaging studies in ADHD demonstrated abnormal activation primarily in frontal cortices and the anterior cingulum (Schulz et al., 2004, 2005; Bush et al., 2005; Durston et al., 2006). This is largely in line with structural imaging studies showing abnormalities particularly

in these cortical regions and adjacent WM structures. However, these functional studies have also mostly been conducted

in children and adolescents. The aim of the present DTI study was to examine structural connectivity in a large sample of never-medicated, adult patients with ADHD compared with healthy control subjects. In Methane monooxygenase addition to previous DTI studies in adult ADHD, we investigated whether microstructural integrity is directly correlated with attentional performance and impulsivity. We hypothesized that frontostriatal connectivity may particularly be involved in ADHD pathophysiology, and that disturbed frontostriatal connectivity may correlate with clinical measures of inattention and impulsivity. We investigated 37 adult patients with ADHD (21 males; mean age 32.5 years, range 18–49 years) and 34 healthy control subjects (16 males; mean age 30.2 years, range 19–53 years; Table 1). All patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Centre Mainz (Germany). Control subjects were recruited via local newspaper announcements. All subjects were right-handed Caucasians. Patients and control subjects were enrolled during a relatively long period of approximately 4 years, primarily due to the careful selection of patients with ADHD. We included only patients with the combined ADHD type, diagnosis was assessed as described below.

, 2005). Another study showed decreased FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and in the corticospinal tract in children and adolescents with ADHD using a tract-based atlasing approach on DTI data (Hamilton et al., 2008). Recently, Pavuluri et al. (2009) reported reduced

FA in the anterior corona radiata in children and adolescents with ADHD. Makris et al. (2008) investigated the cingulum bundle and SLF as parts of the attentional and executive system, and reported lower FA in the right cingulum bundle and in the right SLF in adult patients with ADHD. A multimodal MRI check details study reported a correlation of FA in prefrontal fibre tracts and a measure of impulsivity (performance in FG-4592 cost a go/no-go task) in parent–child diads with ADHD (Casey et al., 2007), though the correlation between DTI measures and neuropsychological measures of attention has not yet been investigated. Finally, most functional imaging studies in ADHD demonstrated abnormal activation primarily in frontal cortices and the anterior cingulum (Schulz et al., 2004, 2005; Bush et al., 2005; Durston et al., 2006). This is largely in line with structural imaging studies showing abnormalities particularly

in these cortical regions and adjacent WM structures. However, these functional studies have also mostly been conducted

in children and adolescents. The aim of the present DTI study was to examine structural connectivity in a large sample of never-medicated, adult patients with ADHD compared with healthy control subjects. In Cediranib (AZD2171) addition to previous DTI studies in adult ADHD, we investigated whether microstructural integrity is directly correlated with attentional performance and impulsivity. We hypothesized that frontostriatal connectivity may particularly be involved in ADHD pathophysiology, and that disturbed frontostriatal connectivity may correlate with clinical measures of inattention and impulsivity. We investigated 37 adult patients with ADHD (21 males; mean age 32.5 years, range 18–49 years) and 34 healthy control subjects (16 males; mean age 30.2 years, range 19–53 years; Table 1). All patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Centre Mainz (Germany). Control subjects were recruited via local newspaper announcements. All subjects were right-handed Caucasians. Patients and control subjects were enrolled during a relatively long period of approximately 4 years, primarily due to the careful selection of patients with ADHD. We included only patients with the combined ADHD type, diagnosis was assessed as described below.