This explains why enhanced relaxation and sense of well being occurs during use of caffeine in stressful event [17]. Energy drinks usage has now become Carfilzomib Phase 2 wide spread among college students, particularly who want to meet both cognitive and physical performance demand [4,14]. High intake of energy drinks, particularly brand that contain high quantity of caffeine can result in the slow downing the rate at which nutrient is absorbed into blood stream; it also slow downs the rate of fluid absorption or dehydration during an exercise. Excessive caffeine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries provides a blast of energy enabling the person to feel good initially but when energy is burn up in 30�C40 minutes, there is a sugar crash [4]. Findings of our study is also consistent with past study which shows that person who consumed energy drinks reported less sleepiness and increased alertness [18].

Approximately 15.3% person claim dehydrating effect of energy drinks on their body which was consistent with Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries past studies [4,19]. It may be due to the fact that there were serious consequences when a person substitute energy drinks for water during strenuous physical activity, this is because caffeine act as diuretic agent and it removes extra fluid from the body therefore if a person consume it while sweating, and it will result in severe dehydration [4]. In our setup prevalence of insomnia due to energy drinks was around 17% which was much less than a study occur in Thailand [20]. Most subject who reported recreational use experience symptoms such as palpitation, tremors, seizures, inability to focus, accelerated heart rate and gastrointestinal upset, the same as reported in past studies [21-23].

Elevation of blood pressure and heart rate was may be due to the pressor effect of caffeine which cause peripheral vasoconstriction rather than enhancement of cardiac output [24]. Energy drinks target market is different than in some of the other beverage industries. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries When they were first being sold in United States, athletes were primary consumers. But now marketing has been expanded beyond that of simply athletes. Although everyone is susceptible to the fatigue of the super-charged, over-worked lifestyle but young people are especially vulnerable to persistent exhaustion and insufficient energy. This group of people, more specifically male teenagers and people in their 20s and 30s, are also most Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries likely to believe in the veracity of the energy drinks�� claims.

As a Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries result, the majority of energy drinks are developed for and advertised to this younger generation. Same results were found in our study as mostly users of energy drinks start using them by watching its advertisement on television. Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal including fatigue, insomnia, muscle aches, irritability, and depression begin in 12�C24 hours after the last dose of Energy drinks; our findings were consistent with past Entinostat study [12].

We thank Philip van der Wees for his contribution to the development Oligomycin A solubility of the intervention. The publication of this paper was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
Energy drinks are caffeinated beverages first appeared in Europe and Asia in the 1960s but did not become popular until the most widely known brand, Red Bull, was released in Austria in 1987; hitting the US market in 1997. By 2006, there were over 500 brands of energy drinks around the world, with sales exceeding $500 million per annum in the US [1]. An energy drink is a type of beverage containing stimulant drugs, chiefly caffeine, which is marketed as mental and physical stimulator. Coffee, tea and other naturally caffeinated beverages are usually not considered as energy drinks.

Soft drinks such as cola, may contain caffeine, but did not include in energy drinks [2]. Prevalence of energy drinks use among adolescent and young adults to be 30-50% [3]. Studies have also demonstrated its high consumption in young athletics [4]. Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), taurine, glucuronolactone, B Vitamins, and herbs. Other commonly used ingredients are carbonated water, guarana, yerba mate, a?a��, and taurine. Probably they are responsible for the possible medical side effects of energy drinks [5]. Energy drinks are consumed by younger population for different reasons particularly for studying, partying, driving, for energy boost and wakefulness [6]. There is a positive association between energy drink consumption and improved psychomotor and mental performance because of the interaction of its various constituents [7].

In conjunction with its positive effects, there are reviews on the negative effects of energy drinks as well [8]. According to a study, energy drinks have shown its great effect on cardiovascular system in terms of modulating the heart rates and blood pressure [9]. It was also proven that its consumers have experienced neuropsychosis as caffeine induces psychosis in those without a previously diagnosed psychotic disorder [10]. Frequency of energy drink consumption was positively associated with ��problem behaviors�� exhibited Carfilzomib as sexually risky behaviors, marijuana use, fighting, and failure to use seat belts [11]. It was also consider that genetic factors and pharmacological intolerance responsible for individual��s vulnerability to caffeine related disorders including caffeine intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal [12]. It also has erosion characteristics of dental enamel [13]. Objectives In Pakistan very little concentration has given on energy drinks and there is not much data available regarding the awareness, prevalence and side effects of consuming energy drinks.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) Electronic Health 17-AAG mechanism Record (EHR) captures, transmits, receives, stores, retrieves, links, and manipulates multimedia in providing health-related services [20]. EHR facilitates the communication of patient information among different professionals [21]. These support tools potentially reduce memory strains of clinicians and improve efficiency and effectiveness in healthcare quality improvement [22]. The accessible patient information has tremendous potential to reduce errors, and support functions. As it is depicted in Table 1 below, these roles or functions include: Table 1 Expected electronic health record tasks Memory aid: Reduces the information need to rely on mental memory to complete a task. Computational aid: Reduces the need to mentally compare or analyze information.

Decision Support aid: Enhance and integrate information from sources to make decisions. Collaboration aid which: Enhances information communication among providers and patients. EHR holds great promise and success in improving safety, efficiency, timeliness and quality of healthcare with special emphasis is given to interface support tools and secured confidentiality [23]. The quality of records generated and maintained is a reflection of the quality of the healthcare provided. Record management as well as accountability is therefore the cornerstone of good clinical practices. This alerts healthcare providers to prepare and make explicit rationale for decisions making and justify service in the context of evidence-based practices [24].

Computerized documentation may improve or worsen information availability. It could lead to less reliable and less trustworthy documentation than the former paper notes. All responsible groups are expressing their worry about the risk of careless copying and pasting of texts which is less trusted. Moreover, clinicians experience pressure from their stakeholders to document the services provided related to reimbursement. However, there were problems related to disorganized processes of simple insertion laboratory results, vitals, medication lists, and problem lists that could be misleading [25]. Research findings on record and documentation of patient data In the United States medical error results in 44,000 to 98,000 unnecessary deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries per year.

Rate of error often increases when inexperienced clinicians introduce new procedures. It had more severe impact associated to extremes of age, complex care, and prolonged hospital stay [26]. Sixty five (3.5%) Batimastat of 1,934 prescribed agents, Swiss University Hospitals, have committed medical errors. Forty three percent of patient charts showed at least one error. Prescribing errors were found 39 times (37%), transcription errors 56 times (53%), and administration documentation errors 10 times (10%).