METHODS: This prospective 17-AAG purchase randomized study was conducted at a university teaching medical center between June 2008 and December 2010. Pregnant women admitted for induction of labor with a live singleton gestation in cephalic presentation with intact membranes and a Bishop score of 6 or less were randomly assigned for cervical ripening by a single-balloon catheter or a double-balloon catheter. The primary outcome was the length of time from catheter insertion until

delivery. The secondary outcome was mode of delivery.

RESULTS: Of 368 eligible women screened during the study period, 293 were included in the final analysis; 145 were randomly assigned to receive a single-balloon catheter and 148 received a double-balloon catheter. Demographic and obstetric parameters were comparable between the two groups. Length of time from catheter insertion until delivery was 19.4 (+/- 6.0) and 19.1 (+/- 6.8) hours among the single-balloon and the double-balloon catheter groups, respectively (P=.80).

Length of time did not differ when primiparous women were analyzed separately. Incidence of cesarean delivery was 10.3% and 17.6% among the single-balloon and double-balloon catheter groups, respectively (P=.09). The incidence of either vacuum deliveries or check details cesarean deliveries was significantly lower among the single-balloon group (14.4%) compared with the double-balloon catheter group (25.7%; odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.92; P=.02).

CONCLUSION: Both the single-balloon and double-balloon catheters are equally efficacious for inducing labor. The double-balloon catheter may be associated with more operative deliveries. Selleckchem AZD5363 CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials. gov, NCT00690040. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:79-86) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318220e4b7″
“Optoacoustic tomography has recently demonstrated powerful performance in small animal imaging and

initial clinical trials in terms of the high spatial resolution, versatile contrast, and dynamic imaging capabilities it can provide. Yet, the current optoacoustic image reconstruction methods are usually based on inaccurate forward modelling approaches or otherwise demand a high computational cost, which imposes certain practical limitations and hinders image quantification. Herein, we introduce a new method for accelerating optoacoustic reconstructions, based on angular image discretization of the forward model solution. The method is particularly suitable for accurate image reconstruction with arbitrary meshes and space-dependent resolution, while it can also readily account for small speed of sound variations without compromising the calculation speed. It is further anticipated that the new approach will greatly facilitate development of high performance 3-D optoacoustic reconstruction methods.

An independent CEC, composed of three spine surgeons without affiliation

to the study sponsor, reviewed and reclassified all adverse event reports submitted by the investigators.

Results: The CEC reclassified the level of severity, relation to the surgery, and/or relation to the device in 394(37.3%) of 1055 reported adverse events. The proportion of adverse events that underwent reclassification was similar in the coflex and fusion groups (37.9% compared with 36.0%, learn more p = 0.56). The CEC was 5.3 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.6 to 10.7) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the adverse event. The CEC was 7.3 (95% Cl, 5.1 to 10.6) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the relationship to the surgery and 11.6 (95% Cl, 7.5 to 18.8) times more likely to upgrade than downgrade the relationship to the device.

The status of the investigator’s financial interest in the company had little effect on the reclassification of adverse events.

Conclusions: Thirty-seven percent of adverse events were reclassified by the CEC; the large majority of the reclassifications were an upgrade in the level of severity or a designation of greater relatedness to the surgery or device.”
“The objective of the study was to reveal the way we treat vaginal mesh complications in a trained referral center.

This is a retrospective AZD7762 research buy review of all patients who underwent surgical removal of transvaginal mesh for mesh-related complications during a 5-year period.

Eighty-three patients underwent 104 operations including 61 complete mesh removal, 14 partial excision, 15 section of sub-urethral sling, and five laparoscopies. Main indications were erosion, infection, granuloma, incomplete voiding, and pain. AMPK inhibitor Fifty-eight removals occurred

more than 2 years after the primary mesh placement. Mean operation time was 21 min, and there were two intraoperative and ten minor postoperative complications. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) recurred in 38% and cystocele in 19% of patients.

In a trained center, mesh removal was found to be a quick and safe procedure. Mesh-related complications may frequently occur more than 2 years after the primary operation. Recurrence was mostly associated with SUI and less with genital prolapse.”
“Tm3+/Yb3+ codoped Y2O3 transparent ceramics were fabricated and characterized from the point of upconversion luminescence. All the samples exhibited high transparency not only in near-infrared band but also in visible region. Under 980 nm excitation, the ceramics gave upconversion luminescence with very intense blue (485 nm) and considerably intense violet (360 nm) emissions. It was worthy to point out that the upconversion luminescence contained six emission bands, which dispersed in the region from 294 to 809 nm. The strongest blue emission (485 nm) was obtained with (Tm0.002Yb0.03Y0.958Zr0.01)(2)O-3 ceramic (Yb/Tm = 15). The mechanism of all upconversion emission bands were investigated in detail.

The nanoparticles for CUR-NS presented a sphere-like shape under transmission electron microscopy with an average diameter of 250.6 nm and the zeta potential of CUR-NS was -27.92 mV. Solubility and dissolution rate of CUR in the form of CUR-NS were significantly increased due to the MK 2206 small particle size and the crystalline state of CUR was preserved to increase its stability against degradation. Superior cytotoxicity in Hela and MCF-7 cells was obtained for CUR-NS compared with CUR solution. The safety evaluation showed that, compared with the CUR solution, CUR-NS provided less local irritation and phlebitis

risks, lower rate of erythrocyte hemolysis. These findings suggest that CUR-NS may represent a promising new drug formulation for intravenous administration in the treatment of certain cancers.</.”
“Novel

constitutive gene promoters are essential components of crop biotechnology. Our analysis of five DMXAA research buy such promoters, APX, SCP1, PGD1, R1G1B, and EIF5, in transgenic rice plants is reported here. The five promoter regions were linked to the gfp reporter gene and transformed into rice. Using fluorescent microscopy and q-RT-PCR, promoter activities were analysed in comparison with OsCc1, Act1, and ZmUbi1, previously characterized as strong constitutive promoters. The APX and PGD1 promoters direct high levels of gene expression in all tissues and stages, producing GFP at levels of up to 1.3% of the total soluble protein. PGD1 is particularly active in flowers and mature roots. The R1G1B is active in the whole grain

including the embryo, endosperm, and aleurone layer, and thus represents a constitutive promoter with activity in whole seeds that has not been described previously. The ZmUbi1 and R1G1B promoters are markedly less active in young roots and mature leaves whilst the APX, PGD1, OsCc1, and Act1 promoters are highly active in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Overall, our results demonstrate that APX, PGD1, and R1G1B are novel gene promoters that are highly active at all stages of plant growth with distinct levels of activity.”
“It is not known whether apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-an Alzheimer disease susceptibility SNX-5422 in vitro gene-influences the effects of state-anxiety on executive functioning in healthy individuals. In a prospective cohort study of 185 cognitively normal individuals, there were epsilon 4 homozygotes, heterozygotes, and non-carriers, who did not differ in age, sex, years of education, cognitive test scores, psychotropic medications, and state- or trait-anxiety. However, higher anxiety was associated with significantly worse Trails B performance in the epsilon 4 homozygotes, as compared with epsilon 4 non-carriers. The association of executive-functioning difficulties and anxiety appears more likely to occur in persons who are most at risk for subsequent cognitive decline.

25 and r = 0.17, respectively). Age at onset moderated the association CH5183284 supplier between change in neuropsychological functioning and change in reading and writing achievement (P <= 0.006), with stronger relationships among younger children (beta=0.25-0.44). The association between change in language and change in writing achievement was moderated by caregiver anxiety (P=0.04; stronger for more anxious parents, beta=0.40), and the association between change in processing speed and change in math achievement was moderated by etiology (P=0.02; stronger for symptomatic/cryptogenic vs idiopathic, (beta=0.29).

Gender and other family variables did not have significant moderating effects.

Conclusions: Changes in neuropsychological function were associated with changes in academic achievement following onset of seizures, with risk factors being younger age at onset, lower caregiver education, high parental anxiety, and symptomatic/cryptogenic

etiology. Academic performance should be closely monitored in children with early-onset seizures. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Objective: This article systematically analyses comparative studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tubeless https://www.selleckchem.com/HIF.html percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) versus standard PCNL. Methods: The Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane and DARE databases were searched from 1997 to February 2011. Comparative studies evaluating outcomes from standard versus tubeless PCNL were included. Primary outcome measures were post-operative pain scoring, analgesic requirements, duration of hospitalisation/convalescence, operation time, major/minor complications and stone-free rates. Results: Twenty-four studies were included (11 randomised control trials and 13 retrospective or prospective studies). Levels

of pain recorded, analgesic requirements, duration of inpatient stay and convalescence time were all significantly reduced in the tubeless PCNL group. Cost was reduced in two studies. Morbidity was not significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference between groups regarding stone-free SB525334 cost status. Discussion: This systematic review has demonstrated that tubeless PCNL is a viable alternative to tubed PCNL in uncomplicated cases. Benefits are as described above. There is no evidence suggesting that patient safety is compromised by the absence of post-operative nephrostomy. The tubeless method has been reported in challenging cases such as stag-horn stones, horseshoe or ectopic kidneys. Promising outcomes have been demonstrated in elderly patients and when clinical needs demand a supracostal approach. Multi-centre randomised controlled trials are needed to fully establish the effectiveness of the tubeless method. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Photoluminescence (PL) and degenerate four-wave-mixing (DFWM) experiments were performed in a silica-niobic composite containing NaNbO(3) nanocrystals.

CA is distinguished into

a group of hereditary and non-hereditary disorders. CA shows clinically progressive features and accompanies various neurological abnormalities. However, there are very few studies and case reports in Korean patients. To estimate the prevalence rate and current status of the CA patients in Korea, we used data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRAS) and from the National Health Insurance Corporation. To evaluate the functional status of CA patient in Korea, we conducted a simple random sampling among the 500 members of Korea Ataxia Society registered on its homepage. We evaluated the functional status and degree of disturbance to their everyday life with modified Rankin scales and Barthel ADL index. Using the data from HIRAS, we could estimate the prevalence rate of CA patients in Korea as 8.29 patients/100,000 persons. The prevalence rate of hereditary and non-hereditary cerebellar ataxia learn more was 4.99 patients/100,000 persons and 3.30 patients/100,000 persons, respectively. Data on rare intractable diseases reported by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2006 suggested that the number of CA patients who have visited medical institutes was almost doubled for the 2-year period.

The medical expense and hospital stay also increased 4.5- and 3-fold, respectively. After severity evaluation with modified Rankin scales and Barthel ADL index, we found that most CA patients in Korea have ataxia-related difficulties in their everyday life.”
“Background: For 3-dimensional

time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF-MRA), Selleckchem Ilomastat the signal intensity (SI) loss depends on the flow velocity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether 3D-TOF-MRA could be used as an alternative to single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for assessing the increase in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). To do this, we compared the SI of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and the rCBF on SPECT. Methods: We enrolled 30 patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. SPECT and MRA were performed before and 3-4 days after CEA. rCBF was assessed using SPECT, selleck chemical and the SI of the MCA was assessed using single-slab 3D-TOF-MRA. Regions of interest were placed in the bilateral middle M1 portions of the MCA on MRA, and their mean SI was measured. The increase ratio of the rCBF on SPECT and the increase ratio of the SI of the MCA on MRA were calculated using the formula: (post-CEA ipsilateral/post-CEA contralateral)/(pre-CEA ipsilateral/pre-CEA contralateral). Results: A significant correlation was observed between the increase ratio of the rCBF on SPECT and the increase ratio of the SI of the MCA on MRA (r = .894, y = .4863 + .5184x, P < .001). All values obtained by MRA were greater than or equal to the SPECT values, indicating that MRA tends to overestimate the post-CEA rCBF increase.

(C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3520677]“
“Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with the development of severe liver disease, but cofactors – namely alcohol abuse – in Scotland’s HCV-positive population complicate estimation of the unique contribution of HCV. We compared the risk of hospital admission/death for a liver-related cause in a large cohort of Glasgow’s injecting drug users (IDUs) testing HCV-positive with IDUs testing HCV negative. Data for 6566 current/former IDUs

who had been tested for anti-HCV and/or HCV RNA by buy AS1842856 polymerase chain reaction in Greater Glasgow health board between 1993 and 2007 were linked to the national hospitalization database and deaths registry to identify all admissions and deaths from a liver-related condition. Relative risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for recurrent events. Time at risk was censored at 2 years following an selleck chemical HCV test to address bias owing to unobserved seroconversion. The risk of hospitalization/death from a liver-related or an alcoholic liver-related condition following HCV testing was greater for those IDUs with no prior alcohol-related hospitalization who tested positive [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.5-6.7; 4.9, 95% CI: 1.8-13.1, respectively], compared with those who tested anti-HCV negative, but not for those IDUs with a prior alcohol

admission (HR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4-1.5; 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4-1.6). There was little evidence for an increased risk of hospitalization/death for an exclusively nonalcoholic liver condition for those testing positive (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.8-2.7), after adjustment for previous alcohol-related admission. Within Glasgow’s IDU population, HCV

positivity is associated with an increased risk of a liver-related outcome, but this is not observed for those IDUs whose problem alcohol use already increases their risk.”
“Nonepileptic seizures (NES) provide a clinical challenge as the mechanisms involved remain uncertain. The present study compares 27 participants with confirmed NES presentations with 39 individuals with epileptic seizure (ES) presentations only, on indices of psychopathology, trauma history, dissociative propensity, and attachment style. Selleckchem BEZ235 Psychopathology and dissociation were found to be significantly elevated in the NES group compared with the ES group. No differences were found between groups in terms of trauma history and attachment style. However, trauma history did correlate significantly with psychopathology in the NES group but not in the ES group. Finally, whereas the relationship between psychological variables and seizure frequency was weak within the ES group, trauma history, a fearful attachment dimension, psychopathology, and dissociation predicted seizure frequency in the NES group. Implications for understanding and interventions with NES presentations are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc.

On the other hand, model F2 provided a similar DIC (5,767.9) value, with this parameter decreasing to 5,764.7 when nonrelevant founder-specific inbreeding depression effects were removed. Substantial heterogeneity in founder- specific inbreeding depression was reported by model F2, in which estimates for 4 of the 9 founders did not differ from zero (BF between 0.05 and 0.42), whereas 5 founders originated moderate (- 8.2 g for each 1% F increase; BF INCB024360 cost = 1.42) to large inbreeding depression (- 96.2 g for each 1% F increase; BF = 8.80 x 10(19)). The substantial variability between founder estimates suggested that inbreeding depression

effects may mainly be due to a few alleles with major deleterious effects. These results contribute valuable information that should help to achieve more accurate management of inbreeding in the Ripollesa breed.”
“A comparative analysis

of stereo-electronic properties of five cholinesterase reactivators (pralidoxime (2-PAM), trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, and HLo-7) and six “”K-oximes”" was performed to assess their roles in reactivating OP-inhibited phosphorylated serine residue of mouse AChE. Quantum mechanical (QM) calculations starting from semi-empirical to ab initio levels were sequentially performed with hierarchical basis sets to obtain the individual optimized geometry Savolitinib and stereo-electronic properties of the eleven oximes. Next, solvation effects were computed on the optimized structures using two different (PCM and COSMO) QM models. Results indicate that properties, such as the distance between the bisquarternary nitrogen atoms, surface area, molecular volume, and hydrophilicity have important roles in the reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE. Electronic attributes, such as the molecular electrostatic potentials and orbital energies were also found to be important parameters for reactivation. Nucleophilicity of the oxygen atoms at the terminal regions, electrophilicity

in the central regions of the oximes, and location check details of the molecular orbitals on aromatic rings have significant roles for the experimentally observed reactivations in several OP agents inhibited mouse AChE. Analysis of solvation free energy indicates high solute polarization and dispersion energies of the oximes to be particularly critical for the tabun-inhibited mouse AChE, whereas lower values of these properties favor reactivation against other OP agents, such as soman, sarin and cyclosarin. Feature mappings of our recently reported pharmacophore model were also observed to be consistent with the above observed electronic properties. In silico toxicity evaluation on these oximes predicts the K-oximes to have somewhat higher oral toxicity compared to the other bispyridinium oximes.

RESULTS: Concentrated phosphoric acid was the ultimate cellulose solvent for dissolution

pretreatment since 5% w/w cellulosic fabric can be completed dissolved at 50 degrees C. After regeneration in water, the cellulosic precipitate was subjected to cellulase hydrolysis, resulting in at least 4-fold enhancement of saccharification rate and reducing sugars yield. The colored saccharification products can be utilized by G. xylinus to produce BC, approximately 1.8 g L(-1) Rapamycin BC pellicle was obtained after 7 days static cultivation.

CONCLUSION: Dyed and blended waste fabric can be pretreated effectively by dissolution to produce fermentable sugars by cellulase hydrolysis. Dissolution pretreatment can expose the dyed or polyester fiber covered digestible cellulosic fibers to cellulase and leads to check details a significant enhancement of saccharification yield. The colored saccharification products have no significant inhibiting effect on the fermentation activity of G. xylinus for BC production. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate the clinical significance of serum anti-human papillomavirus (HPV)

antibodies and high-risk cervical HPV DNA in cervical neoplasia.

METHODS: The study population comprised patients who were histopathologically diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 (n=64), CIN 2 and 3 (n=241), cervical cancer (n=170), and normal control participants (n=975). Cervical HPV DNA tests were performed through nucleic MX69 manufacturer acid hybridization assay tests, and serum anti-HPV 16 and 18 antibodies were measured by competitive immunoassay. The associations of HPV DNA and anti-HPV antibodies were evaluated with demographic characteristics and compared according to the levels of disease severity. Anti-HPV antibodies were also

investigated with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival data.

RESULTS: Among various demographic characteristics, factors involving sexual behavior had a higher tendency of HPV DNA positivity and HPV seropositivity. Human papillomavirus DNA mean titer and positivity were both increased in patients with cervical neoplasia compared with those with normal control participants, but there was no statistical difference among types of cervical neoplasia. Serum anti-HPV 16 antibodies were also able to differentiate cervical neoplasia from a normal control participant and furthermore distinguished CIN 1 from CIN 2 and 3 (odd ratio 2.87 [1.43-5.78], P=.002). In cervical cancer, HPV 16 seropositivity was associated with prolonged disease-free survival according to the univariable analysis (hazard ratio=0.12 [0.01-0.94], P=.044).

CONCLUSION: Serum anti-HPV 16 antibodies can distinguish cervical neoplasia from a normal control and has the advantage of identifying high-grade CIN.

Preclinical studies have shown that amla possesses antipyretic, analgesic,

antitussive, antiatherogenic, adaptogenic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antianemia, antihypercholesterolemia, wound healing, antidiarrheal, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, Pevonedistat purchase nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. In addition, experimental studies have shown that amla and some of its phytochemicals such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrogallol, some norsesquiterpenoids, corilagin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, and prodelphinidins B1 and B2 also possess antineoplastic effects. Amla is also reported to possess radiomodulatory, chemomodulatory, chemopreventive effects, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and immunomodulatory activities, properties that are efficacious in the treatment and prevention of cancer. This review for the first time summarizes the results related to these properties and also emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to establish CCI-779 research buy its activity and utility as a cancer preventive and therapeutic drug in humans. European Journal

of Cancer Prevention 20:225-239 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soft tissue in full-face view because of surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion, using 3-dimensional (3D) laser scanning.

Methods: Twenty-seven subjects with skeletal Class III malocclusion [11 males; mean age (SD), 24.0 (5.7) years] underwent bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy for mandibular setback combined with Lefort I osteotomy with/without maxillary advancement. Twelve patients (group 1) had mandibular setback surgery, and the other 15 (group 2) had combination surgery. Lateral cephalograms and 3D facial scan images were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. The facial widths mTOR inhibitor upon superimposition of 3D facial images were measured in the same coordinates using a Rapidform 2006 system. Paired and independent t tests were done for statistical analysis.

Results:

The midface soft tissue broadened significantly above the cheilion plane postoperatively (P < 0.05). A larger change was observed nearer to subnasale plane, and a similar trend was seen among the horizontal planes in 1- or 2-jaw surgery groups. The widths from the exocanthion plane to the subnasale plane increased more in group 2 [mean (SD), 4.45 (2.45) mm, 8.71 (2.92) mm, and 7.62 (3.13) mm] than those in group 1 [mean (SD), 1.26 (0.97) mm, 1.84 (1.06) mm, and 1.35 (0.65) mm], and this difference was significant (P < 0.05). There was a decrease below the cheilion plane with mandibular setback between groups, but this difference was not significant.

Conclusions: The measurement method used here for the shape outline of the lateral parts of the face could provide quantitative data for the clinical evaluation and objective analysis of the human face in full-face view.

Patient management, in-hospital TPX-0005 nmr mortality and 6-month prognosis and outcomes were compared between the two trials.

Results. Reperfusion therapy was carried out in 60.7% of patients in the first trial and in 72.6% in the second (P<.001). In the RESCATE-I1 trial, the median door-to-needle

time was shorter (41 min vs. 93 min; P<.001) and patients more frequently underwent coronary angiography (65.2% vs. 28.1%; P<.001) and revascularization (34.9% vs. 8.1%; P<.001). In addition, in-hospital mortality was lower in RESCATE-II (7.5% vs. 10.9%; P<.001). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, AMI severity and in RESCATE-II compared with the first trial was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.86). In addition, mortality (1.4% vs. 3.6%; P=.001) and readmissions at 6 months were also lower in RESCATE-II.

Conclusions. Both in-hospital and 6-month mortality in patients with a first HSP tumor AMI decreased during the last decade, probably due to more frequent reperfusion and revascularization therapy and better medical treatment.”
“Gait disturbances are frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are associated with increased energy expenditure during walking. This study evaluated whether the effects of treadmill training are associated with an improvement of walking economy. Ten patients with idiopathic PD underwent

treadmill training (30 min, three times a week for 4 weeks). Walking performance (Icurrency signimed Up and Go, 6-min and 10-m walking tests) and metabolic function (oxygen uptake, heart and respiratory rate) were evaluated before training, at the end of treatment and after 30 days with two different graded exercises (treadmill and cycloergometer). Training significantly improved walking performance. Oxygen uptake, and heart and respiratory rates were significantly decreased only during graded exercise on the treadmill, but not on the cycloergometer. Treadmill training reduces energy expenditure during walking in PD, but the improvements of metabolic selleck kinase inhibitor walking economy are associated with the specifically trained

motor activity.”
“Cocaine abuse and dependence is a worldwide health problem. However, there are no currently approved medications to reduce cocaine abuse/relapse and toxicity. The aim of the present study was to test, whether group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) antagonists (mGluR1 and mGluR5) differentially regulate toxic versus behavioral effects of cocaine, both phenomena relevant to the psychopathology of cocaine addiction in humans. In the present study, we assessed the impact of mGluR1 antagonist-EMQMCM and mGluR5 antagonist-MTEP on the cocaine-induced lethality and the expression of sensitization to hyperlocomotor effect of cocaine in mice. Our study indicated that EMQMCM and MTEP, both substances at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (but not 2.